According to Rotberg (2002), a state might fail in different dimensions such as security, economic growth, politics, and income distribution, among others. In his view, "failed " or "collapsed " is the end stage of failure. Somalia can be taken as a rare example that all abovementioned dimensions occurred at the same time. However, in most cases, the "failure " of a state may vary across different dimensions. For example, in Colombia, the state has had a fine macroeconomic performance, but could not control the formidable expansion of guerrilla, paramilitary groups and drug cartels in remote areas (Di John 2010). Therefore, "failure " of a state needs to be explicitly defined in certain dimensions, not by any collective categorizations, as the capacity of a state may vary among different sectors. .
Definitions of a Failed State.
As aforementioned, Helman and Ratner (1992) were among the first scholars who used the term "failed state ". In their opinion, this phenomenon means the incapability of a state that cannot sustain itself as a member of the international community, leading to perils for both citizens and neighbor states. Ignatieff (2002), on the other hand, affirms that a state fails when "the central government loses the monopoly of the means of violence " (p.118). Based on the common "social contract " concept as previously mentioned, Zartman (1993) states that a state only fails when its basic functions are no longer performed. The author, in his wide sense, sees state failure as " a deeper phenomenon than mere rebellion, coup, or riot. It refers to a situation where the structure, authority (legitimate power), law, and political order have fallen apart " (p.1).
How a failed state should be defined has received considerable attention from different scholars and think tanks, although there has been no consensus on the definition of this term. Torres and Anderson (2004) have summarized some noticeable definitions from different sources as follows:.
Political Concepts This article deals with four political concepts. ... The first concept is power. ... If students fail to make improvement after two years, technical assistant will be sent to that school. ... The second concept is influence. ... The third concept is authority. ...
The main purpose of this article is to review the reasons that the United States (U.S.) must participate in investment businesses with foreign countries. ... The key concept we need to understand in this article is if TPP make an agreement with U.S. citizens of USA can kiss investment goodbye. ... If we fail to take this line of reasoning seriously, the implication is the U.S. will see our debt become so enormous that U.S. will not survive without signing away our rights to foreign leadership within the TPP pact. The TPP will regulate U.S. every move and we will loss all our human rights as ci...
This common method of education is what Paulo Freire refers to as "the banking concept."" ... While the method of approaching education from a different way seems the ideal way to go about changing what Freire calls "the banking concept,"" the reality of doing so is impossible. ... He just views it as a possible option, but Percy fails to see the obstacle that in stand in an individuals place. ... This is the symbolic complex that Percy discuss, that makes changing " the banking concept- impossible. The simplest option to do here would be as Percy states to get off the beaten track, but ev...
" The Great Depression initially led to the regulation of banks in the United States. ... These four banks control $7.7 trillion in assets or 56.8% of the entire total in the United States. ... When it failed, the result was catastrophic. ... BusinessWeek magazine says "Bank of America will not go the way of Lehman or Bear, it exemplifies the sorry concept of "too big too fail," the U.S. government cannot afford to allow a financial institution of that size to go down and drag the rest of the country with it (BusinessWeek, 62).... Bank of America is still reeling from 2008 fin...
The Failed Invasion The Cold War Bay of Pigs Invasion in Cuba went down in history as a disaster, but the one who took the responsibility for it, John F. ... Operation Zapata reveals testimonies of CIA agents and those involved in the invasion with their responses as to why the operation failed. ... At the fortieth anniversary of the invasion, the United States-equipped Brigade 2506 (Cuban expatriates) gathered at the Bay of Pigs veterans' association in Miami. ... At the veterans' association the troops remembered how they felt the invasion played out: The details of that oper...
Ever since innovation, numerous people failed and failed again to come to the conclusion that a certain way, thought, or equation does not work. ... Freire states, "The teacher talks about reality as if it were motionless, static, compartmentalized, and predictable" (318). ... A major part of the "banking concept" is that students are considered nothing more than "'receptacles' to be 'filled' by the teacher" (Freire 318). ... This is the 'banking' concept of education, in which the scope of action allowed to the students extends o...
Reading Response # 1: Concepts: The Developmental State Johnson presents some positive aspects of the developmental state model of (soft or hard) authoritarianism that are morally troubling because they are appealing in so many ways. ... In the developmental states, the profit-motive does not undermine long-term goals for the public good as it so often does in the West. ... On this point, however, Hein addresses the issue of redistribution more directly than Johnson, who fails to show how it fits into the developmental system in a necessary way. He reveals the institutional barriers to...
Starting with Capitalism: Capitalism is an individualistic society, only the individual can choose to succeed or fail. If a person in this society does not work and does not have a source of income then that person will become homeless and fail. ... If this concept could be grasped then the world could be a better place, which brings us to the elite capitalism that this essay is defending. ... He continuously states that the savage lives the ideal life. ... The civilized man is unsuccessful, but not for the reasons that Thoreau states. ...
The thesis deals with United States' approach in making foreign policy decisions with reference to the Middle East, more specifically with focus on the countries of Iraq and Egypt. ... For the purposes of the study a term concepts of discourse is used, which can be found in the selected proclamations. ... In this chapter the concepts of discourse and their detailed specification are provided. The second chapter outlines the cultural-historical background of United States' involvement in the Middle East. ... The central concept of the CDA is power. ...
