The school voucher system was introduced as a choice movement advocating the abolishment of school district lines, allowing parents to enroll their children in any public school in the area, as well as creating schools with special programs to attract bright students and "charter" schools with more autonomy than traditional public schools (Gale Researchers). As a part of a larger movement towards school choice, the school voucher systems have been proposed in several states and cities across the nation including Milwaukee, Cleveland, Los Angeles, New York, and Chicago, however, the motion was not passed in all cities into which they were introduced. The first functioning school choice program began in the Milwaukee school district in 1990 (Gale Researchers). The program began, at first, only providing money for lower-income parents to send their children to private, non-secular schools. Though religious schools were not covered because of issues regarding separation of church and state, the Milwaukee voucher system later expanded to include church-run schools in 1995 because the space at non-secular schools was limited. The expanded program met immediate legal challenges, and by June 10, 1998, the Supreme Court of the state of Wisconsin ruled that the expanded Milwaukee voucher program - which would allow 15,000 children to attend any religious or private school - does not violate either the state or federal constitution (Woodward). Though an attempt to appeal the ruling by the U.S. Supreme Court was filed, the justices of the Supreme Court later voted to not hear the appeal. The Milwaukee pilot voucher system has endeavored to set precedence for future school reform, and researchers have concluded, as reported in "The Effectiveness of School Choice in Milwaukee: A Secondary Analysis of Data from the Program's Evaluation", that improvement in students" achievements does not occur until the third or fourth year into the choice program, however, drastic significance in student performance has not been reported (Greene).