These are specialized courts that develop expertise with particular problems. The development of problem-solving courts was an innovative response to offenders' problems such as: drug abuse, mental illness, and domestic violence problems. They are characterized by problem identification and monitoring closely what takes place outside of the courtroom (Dorf 2003). .
Since the introduction and success of drug courts in 1989, several addition forms of problem solving courts have come to light. The additional courts include domestic violence, juvenile drug courts, family treatment courts, mental health courts, community courts, peer/youth courts, and homeless courts (Farole et al 2005). These courts have gained popularity in the United States over the past decade. However, there is no clearly articulated definition or philosophy that unites all of those who espouse or practice problem-solving justice (Berman 2001). Problem solving courts vary from jurisdiction to jurisdiction and by different case types, but all focus on close collaboration with the service communities in their jurisdictions and stress a collaborative, multidisciplinary, problem solving approach to address the underlying issues of individuals appearing in court (Casey 2005)1. The political future of problem solving courts will depend on their efficiency and cost effectiveness as a response to crime. After defining and analyzing previous studies on each type of court, the Casey and Rottman identified twelve trends that could affect the future of problem solving courts. Early results from studies show that these types of courts are having a positive impact on the lives of offenders and victims (Bureau of Justice Association). Research shows this approach has proven more effective than traditional court strategies at reducing repeat offenders (Minnesota Judicial Branch 2012).
The goal of problem-solving courts is to identify and address underlying problems of the defendants, victims, and communities that lead to criminal behavior.