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Transcription And Protein Synthesis

            A gene is a nucleotide sequence on a strand of DNA. The "one gene - one polypeptide" hypothesis states that a single gene provides the code for a specific enzyme, protein or polypeptide. This means the gene provides the instructions to build a polypeptide but it does not build it directly; it needs RNA as a bridge. The four nucleotides adenine, thymine/uracil, guanine and cytosine are the monomer bases for DNA and RNA (nucleotides only fit to a complementary nucleotide; A-T/U and C-G; this is called the base-pairing rule). In polypeptides and proteins the monomer bases are the 20 amino acids. Since the information is encoded in two different chemical languages, transcription and translation are used to get from one language to the other. Transcription is the synthesis of RNA under the direction of DNA. Because both DNA and RNA use the same language, the transcription phase is just the copying of information from one molecule to the other. In order for the copy to be made, the DNA must unwind and separate. An enzyme pries apart the two strands of DNA and attaches the RNA nucleotides to their complementary base-pairs along the DNA template. This enzyme is called the RNA polymerase. The RNA polymerase scans the DNA until it finds a start sequence. The start sequence of three specific nucleotides is called the promoter. In Eukaryotic cells (a cell with a membrane closed nucleus and membrane closed organelles), transcription factors can turn the transcription process on and off as needed. The RNA polymerase then works its way up the DNA moving from the 5" end to the 3" end. As it moves only, the RNA polymerase continues to unwind the double helix DNA exposing 10-20 bases at a time. The enzyme adds nucleotides to the 3" end of the growing RNA molecule. Transcription continues until the RNA polymerase transcribes a DNA sequence called a terminator. This is a signal for the enzyme to stop copying the template.


Essays Related to Transcription And Protein Synthesis

1. Protein Synthesis - Translation and Transcription

All living organisms must carry out protein synthesis, which has two main processes involved in it. Those two processes are transcription and translation. In the essay, I will go into depth about the process of transcription and its role in RNA. ... This sequence defines where the transcription unit will initiate. ... Snurps fuse together with other proteins to form the spliceosome, which does the actual editing. ...

  • Word Count: 517
  • Approx Pages: 2
  • Grade Level: High School

2. Protein Synthesis

Protein synthesis is the process of transferring information from a gene to a protein. ... RNA is a single-stranded nucleic acid molecule involved in protein synthesis, the structure of which is specified by DNA. Protein synthesis consists of two main categories: transcription, which is the process of copying RNA information to DNA, and translation, which is the process of turning RNA information to DNA. ... These two main processes of protein synthesis, transferring information from a gene to a protein, are transcription and translation. ... This is the complex process of protein synt...

  • Word Count: 512
  • Approx Pages: 2

3. RNA vs DNA

RNA is the step between DNA and protein synthesis. ... Two major stages must occur in order to get from DNA to protein, transcription and translation. ... Transcription is the synthesis of RNA. ... Following transcription is translation. ... Transfer RNA (tRNA) serves as an adaptor molecule in protein synthesis, and translates mRNA codons into amino acids. ...

  • Word Count: 296
  • Approx Pages: 1
  • Grade Level: High School

4. dna

Later, RNA would be proven to regulate protein synthesis. ... The first function is to provide for protein synthesis, allowing growth and development of the organism. ... It is important that DNA and RNA control protein synthesis. ... (Heath, 116) For protein synthesis to begin, the two parts of a ribosome must secure itself to a mRNA molecule. ... For the second part of the lab, models of DNA, mRNA, tRNA, and amino acids were used to simulate transcription, translation, and protein synthesis. ...

  • Word Count: 1313
  • Approx Pages: 5
  • Grade Level: High School

5. heredity

Later, RNA would be proven to regulate protein synthesis. ... The first function is to provide for protein synthesis, allowing growth and development of the organism. ... This is known as transcription. ... It is important that DNA and RNA control protein synthesis. ... (Heath, 116) For protein synthesis to begin, the two parts of a ribosome must secure itself to a mRNA molecule. ...

  • Word Count: 931
  • Approx Pages: 4
  • Grade Level: High School

6. A Study of Retroviruses

Then there is a psi ᵠ sequence hich allows for packaging of viral proteins in the mature virus. Then there are 4 basic genes which code for particular proteins for eg. Gag gene-which codes for capsid protein, matrix protein,and nuclear capsid protein. Pro gene-which codes for enzyme protease Pol gene-which codes for integrase and reverse transcriptase Env gene-which codes for surface proteins and transmembrane protein. ... The surface protein of virus attaches to the receptors of CD4 cell thus changing its conformation and capsid along with matrix is ejected by fusing the membranes.then caps...

  • Word Count: 1171
  • Approx Pages: 5
  • Has Bibliography
  • Grade Level: High School

7. The Effects of 2-Aminoquinoline on SH3 Domain Proteins

There are 511 SH3 domains across human proteins. ... Experiment has two steps: 1) Synthesis of protein of interest by: Purchase of multiple (up to) 110 nucleotide DNA templates which can be placed tail-to tail with ~16 nucleotide overlapping sequences, to synthesize the whole domain of interest. PCR of the 'patchwork' DNA templates to produce a whole DNA template molecule for transcription/translation into required protein domain. ... Add activating protein IPTG, which will bind to an activator molecule which will then bind to UAS and attract heat-stabalized RNA polymerase...

  • Word Count: 629
  • Approx Pages: 3

8. Beta Globin Locus

Hemoglobin synthesis requires the synchronized production of both heme and globin. While heme is the prosthetic group that can reversibly bind to oxygen, globin is the protein that encloses and safeguards the heme molecule. ... The expression of these proteins is regulated, primarily at the transcriptional level, during both erythroid cellular differentiation and embryonic development (Foley and Engel, 1992). ... It is during this time that the formation of £^-globin depreciates with an increase in £]-globin synthesis. ... Mutations in the DNA sequences controlling beta-glo...

  • Word Count: 1387
  • Approx Pages: 6
  • Grade Level: Undergraduate

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