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Psychology


Alienation from the American mainstream, unemployment, and deficit in coping skills leads to substance abuse. .
             Institutional oppression is the level where organizations and social institutions contribute to oppression. Police profiling is an example of police profiling. Police usually stop and search African American drivers although both white and black drivers are equally likely to speed and to possess illegal substances. Institutional oppression include placing black Americans or women into jobs that don't have much of a chance for promotion or good salaries. Haynes et al. state that children from non-mainstream, poor, or culturally different backgrounds can experience difficulty in schools were mainstream is valued. Schools are often inflexible in their social programs and curriculum designs unable to meet the developmental needs of non-mainstream children (p. 146). It has also been reported that African American males are disproportionately placed in special classes for low performance. They experience the highest rates of problems and failures in school performance. .
             Research on racism reveals that a lot of individuals that believe they are prejudice free display discrimination. Interpersonal relationships display prescribed social roles such as between a boss and employee. Haynes et al. states that an atmosphere of trust and bonding amongst students and between students and staff is needed in order for a healthy school environment to promote resistance to substance abuse. Without attachment to peers or teachers, students are more likely to develop clinical dependency problems. .
             Intergroup relations and individual prejudices help hold oppressive systems intact. "The ingroup-outgroup boundry creates security and interdependence among ingroup members, but indifference, ethnocentrism, or even hostility may be expressed toward outgroup" (Dalton, p. 163). Being regarded as an ingroup provides security and acceptance and can create a sense of superiority and lead to prejudices and stereotypes on the outgroup.


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