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NORMANDY: THE EVENTS BEFORE

Operation Fortitude sent messages of an invasion, but not in the place of the planned one. American and British intelligence made the Germans believe an operation was going to take place at Pas de Calais. German generals sent extra forces to the area (17 divisions of the Fifteenth Army). Eleven divisions of Rommel's Seventh Army were left to defend Normandy. American forces hoped that the German Seventh Army wasn't reinforced by D-Day.
             To increase believability, German spies captured by the British were used to send false messages to German intelligence that Pas de Calais was the point of an invasion. Rubber dummies were dropped over false invasion sites to trick the Germans. Total secrecy was needed for an operation of this magnitude. The secrecy was kept very well until a set of crossword puzzles came out between May 2, and June 1, 1944. Crossword puzzles from the Daily Telegraph, during this time reveled D-Day code names such as Overload, Omaha, Utah, Mulberry, and Neptune. The two men in charge of the paper were put under investigation as spies.
             The second major preparation was the selection of commanders. To have a great force an Army has to have great leaders. That was proved when Allied leaders appointed Dwight D. Eisenhower as supreme commander of European Theater of Operations. Eisenhower was chosen for his great leadership, responsibility, and knowledge of the political aspects of war. Eisenhower was almost 54 years old at the time. .
             When Stalin asked Churchill and Roosevelt who was going to command Overload they told him Eisenhower. Eisenhower didn't find out until he flew to Tunis in December of 1943. Upon his arrival Roosevelt told him, "Well, Ike, you are going to command Overload." Ike immediately started delegating others to other points of authority. He put General Omar Bradley in charge of al American forces on D-Day. He put General Bernard Montgomery in command of all British and Canadian Forces.


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