Chapter 1-The First Civilizations: the Peoples of Western Asia and Egypt.
The first humans; Australopithecines .
A. The earliest humanlike creatures (hominids).
1. Lived in Africa.
2. First to make stone tools.
3. Oldest known tool: knife blade (2.6 million years old).
B. Second stage (1.5 million yrs ago) Homo Erectus "upright human being" .
1. First hominid to move from Africa.
2. Made use of larger and varied tools .
C. Third crucial stage (250,000 yrs ago) Homo Sapiens "wise human being".
1. By 100,000 B.C.E 2 groups of Homo Sapiens emerged.
2. 1 type was the Neanderthal.
3. First remains found in Germany, then in Europe, then the Middle East (dated 100,000-30,000 B.C.E).
4. First to bury their own dead.
5. Europe Neanderthals used clothing from animal skins.
D. Modern Humans; Homo Sapiens Sapiens "wise, wise human being".
1. Appeared 200,000 and 150,000 years ago in Africa.
2. Began to spread outside Africa 100,000 yrs ago.
3. 30,000 B.C.E Homo Sapiens Sapiens replaced Neanderthals.
II. The Hunter-Gatherers of the Old Stone Age.
A. Paleolithic Age Old Stone (2,500,000-10,000 B.C.E).
1. 20-30 people per group.
2. Nomadic to follow animal migrations.
3. Women gathered nuts, plants; Men hunted for fish and game.
4. Use of fire began 500,000 yrs ago.
5. Cave paintings found w/large animals (suggested for religious or decorative purposes.
III. The Agricultural Revolution 10,000-4000 B.C.E.
A. Neolithic Revolution "new stone".
1. Hunting and gathering-systematic agriculture.
2. Greater control of environment.
3. Able to live in communities.
B. Mesolithic Period 10,000-7000 B.C.E.
1. Domestication of animals.
2. Use of plants and seeds for nourishment.
3. Systematic Agriculture developed between 8000-5000 B.C.E for diff. Areas of the world.
4. Supported settlement and large populations.
C. Modernization.
1. Complex religious practice.
2. Built shrines; temples; megaliths.
3. Use of complex tools w/copper and tin created bronze.
4. Bronze age 3000-1200 B.C.E.
IV. The Emergence of Civilization.
It is often referred to as Harappan Civilization after its first discovered city, Harappa. ... The excavations were first conducted in 1921-1922, in the ancient cities of Harappa and Mohenjodaro. The script of this civilization hasn't been deciphered. ... Recording thought began in this civilization. ... The Indus Valley was the first civilization. ...
The urban revolution of the building of the first cities took place in 3100-2900 BC, the Jemdet Nasr Period. ... The first civilization appears in the Great Plains to the south of Mesopotamia in the area later called Sumer. Scientist say that this is the first sign of civilization because of four main characteristics that first appear at this time. ... The first characteristic of a civilization is the appearance of cities. ... The first appearance of bronze occurs about the same time as the first civilization. ...
In the first paragraph Condorcet quotes "Will not every nation one day arrive at the state of civilization attained by those people who are most enlightened, most free, most exempt from prejudices, as the French, for instance, and the Anglo-Americans?" ... In the 1851 Economist progress has been "rapid" since the late half of the 18th and the first half of the 19th century. ... In the first few paragraphs when he is talking about seeing "boundaries of frontiers of the old aristocracies broken and, the landmarks of European kings removed" he seems optimistic. ... In Ghandi's passage ...
To answer the two questions that I've been asked to answer in this paper, I will take a chronological approach and answer the second part of the question, which asks more about the Indus Valley civilization first. I have divided the paper into two sections, where the first one talks about the Indus Valley Civilization and the second about the Aryan conquests. ... And the inhabitants were one of the first to breed livestock. ... Also, the people of this civilization were the first to domesticate the fowl. ... This shows the first claim as to why the Aryans did not have the Indus Vall...
In the Bible, it was Eve who tempted man to eat the forbidden fruit and in Ancient Greece, it was Pandora, the first female, who let loose the evils of the world and brought strife to mankind. ... During a festival, the king "brought the first fruits and his harvest to the servants of the god; he avoided what the god hated, and took care of the animal beloved by the divinity" (Erman 272) . ... Egypt was the first known civilization to have a positive belief of the afterlife and one of the most important ideas that came with this was to live a just and moral life to have a joyous afterlife. ......
While the Fertile Crescent was widely known for being one of the first and earliest civilizations developed, the world eventually saw other great civilizations that came to rise. However, just like the civilizations of the Fertile Crescent, some of these civilizations ended up ceasing to exist as a result from many different possible causes. One notable example of a once powerful civilization that came to a downfall is the Indus River Valley Civilization. One question that should be asked is: What was really the main cause of the disappearance of this once powerful civilization? ... Although t...
Huntington Theory & Disagreement Huntington's "Clash of Civilizations" is a theory based upon geographic locations and political movements. ... First, the fundamental and basic levels of identity and differentiation noted above. ... Indeed, from the perspective of regional economic and civilization 'blocs', the theory is hard to refute, although Huntington does make rather sweeping generalizations about the civilizations to which he refers. ... Rallying a 'civilization' against another requires a conviction of purpose; the crusades of the Middle Ages are an example...
Many early civilizations expanded into the large and complex types of societies in which most people still live today. ... The earliest civilization arose in 2500 B.C.E. in a place called Sumer of what is now present-day Iraq. ... People had first domesticated animals and plants in that region. ... Down by the Persian Gulf subsequent civilizations later began to spread. ... Several thousand years after the rise of the first civilizations, most people now live in societies of millions of unrelated people, all separated from the natural environment by houses, buildings, automobiles, and numerou...
"Freud Freud starts of by stating his view on the ego and how it works and is affected To understand how an individual is affected by society (civilization) one must first understand the importance of the ego. ... Freud is basically saying that humans are blaming their inability to fulfill there needs/demands on their society (civilization.) ... Many humans believe that what makes them unhappy is a result of their society (civilization), but at the same time being part of that society (civilization) you are helping to shape it. ... " civilization is largely responsible for our ...
