They had all lived in America and spoke perfect English. Two of them ended up defecting and turning the other six in to the American government. They had been trained in sabotage at a school near Berlin and were carrying explosives when apprehended. The Germans requested them to be tried in open courts, but the court rejected the request: "Lawful combatants are subject to capture and detention as prisoners of war. Unlawful combatants are likewise subject to capture and detention, but in addition they are subject to trial and punishment by military tribunals for acts which render their belligerency unlawful" (Savage, A5). The Nazis were put to death by electrocution, and the defectors were jailed. .
Other presidents have tried to exercise this same power in the past. George Washington held a military trial for a spy, but he did it before the constitution was written. Abraham Lincoln actually suspended habeas corpus in places and authorizing military trials without Congress's consent, but he later did go to them for approval only to be denied by the Supreme Court. Andrew Johnson and Richard Nixon both stretched the law without legal reason. Franklin D. Roosevelt put Japanese-American citizens in camps with the court's approval. Now it's George W. Bush's turn to see exactly how far he can bend the laws in times of war.
At this point Bush has set up an interesting set of rules for these military tribunals. The trials may take place in the U.S. or on naval ships (either way the trials are private), hearsay can be used as evidence, the defendant doesn't have the right to challenge the evidence, and may not even get a lawyer of his choice. Guilt doesn't need to be proven beyond a reasonable doubt, only two-thirds majority is needed to execute a suspect, and there may not be any chance to appeal. Of course Bush would have to personally designate which suspects are to be tried in military courts.
Six men died because of the last tribunal. ... Tribunal judges, on the other hand, have no such luxury. ... The tribunals are not necessary. ... The tribunals are just one example. The tribunals are totally unnecessary because a normal court has proven to be effective for the last 200 years, and are today just as effective in determining one's guilt. ...
It is debated that there were more political consequences because of the media attention that forced governments to act, for instance, the British Government setting up a Tribunal for Inquiry, to shift the blame. ... A more long term political consequence was the start of a new tribunal to find the truth behind the controversial Bloody Sunday. ... Blair reasoned that the new tribunal under Lord Saville, would dispose of this particular item of injustice. ... It is not a totally reliable explanation of the Tribunal as Blair's audience includes the Irish who want the truth discovered, so hi...
Within the judicial branch itself, there are five Superior Courts, three Appellate Courts and other tribunals such as Municipal Courts (Conniff, 2002). ... Finally, there are other tribunals that hear cases, most importantly Municipal Courts. ... The judicial branch has five superior courts, three appellate courts and other tribunals including municipal courts. The power of each court is limited to certain areas of law and territorial jurisdiction like many courts in the world today....
The rights of women concerning these two Acts have, in recent years, appeared to have become more effective; women appear to be being supported and justifyied by tribunals, (although sex discrimination and equal pay rights are still quite obviously being ignored by some companies and employers, even though the Acts have been in force for over twenty years !) ... The woman had informed the company, QS familywear, that she intended to take the case to a tribunal, and was dissmissed for alledgedly losing the 'trust and confidence of other directors'. ... The deputy chairwoman of the Equ...
Soldiers working at concentration camps committed horrible acts of cruelty and brutality against Jews and others. Most soldiers enjoyed their job while a few others actually tried to help the prisoners. The soldiers working at the camps were called the Schutzstaffel, or SS for short. The SS began as an elite group of bodyguards for Hitler. The job of many of the SS was to kill every communist party official and every Jew they could capture. ...
Introduction The field of transitional justice was practically nonexistent prior to the end of the Second World War. Mass atrocities had taken place on the world stage with almost no consequences being brought upon the perpetrators, and more importantly the orchestrators or those "most responsible"...
In today's world of individual employment contracts, performance-related pay schemes, Human Resource and Total Quality Management and all the other ingredients of the so-called "new" workplace, trade unions are often regarded as anachronistic obstacles preventing success of the market economy. ... The main priority of this essay is to represent the arguments for and against the relevance of trade unions in todays working society. ... "If the problem cannot be resolved amicably, the matter may go to an industrial tribunal." The purpose of industrial tribunals is to make sure that e...
Men, women, and children were killed with bayonets, swords, bamboo sticks and also their bodies were even sexually mutilated.1The International Tribunal for the Far East was set up to charge Japanese leaders for such crimes in the Tokyo trial. ... In addition Emperor Hirohito makes a statement after he hears of a terrible defeat in Guadalcanal which is, "Today the Chief of General Headquarters said that whether or not we withdraw from Guadalcanal will be reported to me on the 30th. ... Today the U.S. is sitting with some advancement in their technology due to this incident and the former Japan...
On December 9th, 1946, an American military tribunal opened criminal proceedings against twenty-three German physicians for their participation in crimes against humanity ("Online".) ... As far as the validity of having a death sentence (there isn't currently one in the United Nations War Crimes Tribunal,) it was the appropriate sentence for the times. ... The guidelines for medical experiments the trial set are still a strong force today. ...
