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Stem Cells



             cells that will eventually become the placental tissues and the fetal tissues respectively. Once a .
             cell begins to differentiate, however, its totipotonic status is lost and the cells are now referred to .
             as pluripotent. Pluripotency refers to a cell that differentiates into most tissues and is itself .
             partially differentiated. Several stem cell types exist in the body that have the purpose of .
             proliferating and differentiating in order to replace or replenish very specific tissues. This .
             furthers type of stem cell is called multipetent. Multipotent stem cells exist in both adults and .
             children and represent some of the best-understood cellular systems. One example of this type of .
             system are blood stem cells found in the bone marrow. One of these cells has the ability to .
             divide into any of the various blood cell types found in the circulation. New scientific studies are .
             finding such stem cells throughout the body including the discovery of neural stem cells of rats.
             The study and discovery of these cells are dependent upon an ex vivo expansion and in vitro .
             culture of the cell population. This entails the removal and/or retrieval of the stem cells from the .
             source or host followed by in vitro culture using artificial conditions and growth nutrients. .
             Advances in technology and understanding of cellular signaling has enabled scientists to discern .
             the exact signals and conditions necessary to differentiate these stem cells into specific tissues in .
             vitro. Most of this headway has been performed on pluripotent and multipotent cell systems. .
             Some in vitro studies have been conducted based on in vitro results and information. Recent .
             evidence from a study involving murine neutral stem cells has suggested that multipotent cells .
             may have the ability to de-differentiate and re-differentiate themselves as different tissues. The .
             study was able to demonstrate that transgenic re-integrated neural cells transferred to bone .


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