When monosacharides link they join together in a condensation reaction and a glycosidic link is formed.
Disaccharides are formed from the condensation of two units of glucose by a glycosidic bond. They are again, sweet tasting and soluble in water, however they may not be reducing as in some types of Disaccharide there are no free electrons. .
Polysaccharides come in two main divisions. Structural Polysaccharides, in which the sugar unit residues present in long chain molecules of the polymer are straight and cross linkages between chains occur giving the material strength. The other division, Storage Polysaccharides, are used for storing sugar molecules so they are not used up immediately by the cells. The general properties are a contrast to both monosacharides and disaccharides as polysaccharides are non-sweet tasting and not truly soluble in water.
Starch is the most abundant storage chemical within plants and consequently is the single largest provider of energy for most of the world's population. Starch has the three properties that are necessary for a storage compound. It is compact, insoluble and readily accessible when needed. It is a mixture of two compounds, amylase and amylopectin. Glycogen is the human equivalent to starch as a storage carbohydrate. The structure is similar to amylopectin but is even more frequently branched. During frequent exercise when the immediate supply of glucose is used up the body restores its supplies by breaking down glycogen. .
Cellulose is an example of a structural polysaccharide, and it gives strength and rigidity to plant cell walls. Cellulose molecules are long unbranched chains of containing glycosidic linkages of B-glucose. The molecules are straight and lay side by side forming hydrogen bonds along their length. The result of which are strong bundles of chains called microfibrils that form a strong lattice arrangement.
Proteins are the most complex biological molecules. ... Hydrogen bonding is the attractive force between the hydrogen attached to an electronegative atom of one molecule and an electronegative atom of a different molecule. This is called the secondary structure. After the secondary structure the tertiary structure is formed. The tertiary structure is the last geometric shape that a protein takes. ...
The Lewis structure for each molecule was found and the VSEPR model was sketched. For molecules that didn't have any lone pairs like CH4,BF3,CO2,CH20 and PF5 the angles and shapes were similar in all the models that were used. For molecules that contained five different atoms like CH4 and the NH4 that gave a tetrahedral shape with 109.5 degree angle between them. For a linear molecule like CO2 and HCN that gave a 180 degree between the atoms. ... For the ICl5 the structure shape with the extra lone pair is a Octahedral but because of that lone pair the molecular structure was called a sq...
STRUCTURE AND BONDING In my essay on the structure and bonding in different substances, I am going to focus on electronic arrangement and their effects on the properties of the substance. ... They have the same electronic structure as a noble gas. ... Positive ions are attracted to the lone pairs on water molecules and co-ordinate (dative covalent) bonds may form. Water molecules form hydrogen bonds with negative ions. ... Molecules are not charged and electrons tightly bound to atoms or shared by atoms in covalent bonds. ...
Cell Structure and Organelles Purpose To study the structure and function of organelles in eukaryotic plant and animal cells. ... The function of cell membrane is that defines cell boundary; regulates molecule passage into and out of cells. 2. ... Microtubules are long and straight and have helical lattice structure. 6. ... Gap Junctions allow the movements of molecules from cell to cell. ... Plant vacuoles contain not only water, sugars, and salts, but also pigments and toxic molecules. 39. ...
The Structure of Proteins Primary Structure The primary structure of a protein is the type and sequence of the amino acids used in the polypeptide. ... Any further structure is a result of the primary structure's sequence. ... Tertiary Structure The tertiary structure is that which causes the secondary structure itself to fold around, creating an even more complex structure. ... Various types of bonds are used in these links: hydrogen bonds between R groups, disulphide bonds between two cysteines molecules, as in the primary structure, ionic bonds between R groups containing ...
Muscle cells contain most of the structures common to all cells. ... The principal force generating components are actin and myosin molecules. ... They have a polar structure and this polarity from end to the other is crucial for cell motility. ... The structure of thick filaments of myosin molecules formed in muscles depends on ionic interactions between the tails. ... The molecule motor, myosin I b, is a slightly altered version of the common myosin I, Previously found in the cytoplasm, where it helps to traffic organelles and other structures there. ...
This is due to the great variety of structures. ... Each protein has a unique and highly ordered structure that is highly specific with the molecules it interacts with. ... Intramolecular interactions are the forces within a molecule. ... Even though the primary structure of any protein is unique, the secondary structure of many different proteins can be the same. ... This results in the creation of specific shapes of polypeptide molecules. ...
The substance it reacts with is determined by its chemical structure. There are two certain factors that relate to an enzymes chemical structure. ... The specificity of the enzyme directly relies on the structure, because the structure dictates what the enzyme is compatible with and what it isn't compatible with. ... Sucrase will break down sucrose into separate molecules of fructose and glucose. Nevertheless, sucrase requires a water molecule to use. ...
