How the Molecular Structure of Carbohydrates, Proteins and Lipids affect their function in living things.
Living cells contain many small molecules such as water and inorganic ions like nitrogen. They also contain a vast number of larger molecules, called macromolecules that are built from smaller, simple molecules. They are also known as organic molecules because they contain carbon. All living things on earth are carbon based life-forms because the element can bond with itself repeatedly to form an infinite variety of molecules.
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Carbohydrates are organic molecules, including all sugars and starch, and contain three elements: carbon, hydrogen and oxygen. Carbohydrates are the first molecules produced in photosynthesis, as lipids, proteins and nucleic acids are synthesised from them. There are three basic types of carbohydrate molecule; monosacharides, disaccharides and polysaccharides. Monosacharides are monomers or single sugars, the type varying on the number of carbon atoms in the chain. A disaccharide is a double sugar made from two monosacharides, and like monosacharides they are classed as sugars. Polysaccharides are multiple sugars, or polymers of many monosacharides.
Monosacharides are the chemical building blocks of other important carbohydrates. They are sweet-tasting, soluble in water and capable of reducing other chemicals by donating electrons to other substances. Glucose is a monosaccharide and is widespread within living things. It is the main source of energy for a large number of organisms and most of the common polysaccharides are glucose polymers. Glucose is a hexose and has 6 carbon atoms in its chain and has the formula C6H12O6. All other hexose sugars have the same formula, such a B-Glucose, Fructose and Galactose. They have the same formula, but have slightly different structure and so are known as Isomers of each other. The differences are very small but do greatly affect properties such as sweetness, digestibility and the nature of the polymers formed when the monomers join together.
Proteins are the most complex biological molecules. ... Hydrogen bonding is the attractive force between the hydrogen attached to an electronegative atom of one molecule and an electronegative atom of a different molecule. This is called the secondary structure. After the secondary structure the tertiary structure is formed. The tertiary structure is the last geometric shape that a protein takes. ...
The Lewis structure for each molecule was found and the VSEPR model was sketched. For molecules that didn't have any lone pairs like CH4,BF3,CO2,CH20 and PF5 the angles and shapes were similar in all the models that were used. For molecules that contained five different atoms like CH4 and the NH4 that gave a tetrahedral shape with 109.5 degree angle between them. For a linear molecule like CO2 and HCN that gave a 180 degree between the atoms. ... For the ICl5 the structure shape with the extra lone pair is a Octahedral but because of that lone pair the molecular structure was called a sq...
STRUCTURE AND BONDING In my essay on the structure and bonding in different substances, I am going to focus on electronic arrangement and their effects on the properties of the substance. ... They have the same electronic structure as a noble gas. ... Positive ions are attracted to the lone pairs on water molecules and co-ordinate (dative covalent) bonds may form. Water molecules form hydrogen bonds with negative ions. ... Molecules are not charged and electrons tightly bound to atoms or shared by atoms in covalent bonds. ...
Cell Structure and Organelles Purpose To study the structure and function of organelles in eukaryotic plant and animal cells. ... The function of cell membrane is that defines cell boundary; regulates molecule passage into and out of cells. 2. ... Microtubules are long and straight and have helical lattice structure. 6. ... Gap Junctions allow the movements of molecules from cell to cell. ... Plant vacuoles contain not only water, sugars, and salts, but also pigments and toxic molecules. 39. ...
The Structure of Proteins Primary Structure The primary structure of a protein is the type and sequence of the amino acids used in the polypeptide. ... Any further structure is a result of the primary structure's sequence. ... Tertiary Structure The tertiary structure is that which causes the secondary structure itself to fold around, creating an even more complex structure. ... Various types of bonds are used in these links: hydrogen bonds between R groups, disulphide bonds between two cysteines molecules, as in the primary structure, ionic bonds between R groups containing ...
Muscle cells contain most of the structures common to all cells. ... The principal force generating components are actin and myosin molecules. ... They have a polar structure and this polarity from end to the other is crucial for cell motility. ... The structure of thick filaments of myosin molecules formed in muscles depends on ionic interactions between the tails. ... The molecule motor, myosin I b, is a slightly altered version of the common myosin I, Previously found in the cytoplasm, where it helps to traffic organelles and other structures there. ...
This is due to the great variety of structures. ... Each protein has a unique and highly ordered structure that is highly specific with the molecules it interacts with. ... Intramolecular interactions are the forces within a molecule. ... Even though the primary structure of any protein is unique, the secondary structure of many different proteins can be the same. ... This results in the creation of specific shapes of polypeptide molecules. ...
The substance it reacts with is determined by its chemical structure. There are two certain factors that relate to an enzymes chemical structure. ... The specificity of the enzyme directly relies on the structure, because the structure dictates what the enzyme is compatible with and what it isn't compatible with. ... Sucrase will break down sucrose into separate molecules of fructose and glucose. Nevertheless, sucrase requires a water molecule to use. ...
