When the liver is damaged enzymes only found normally in the liver break into the blood stream, and testing for these is used to confirm liver damage. Enzymes are actually used as medicines, usually to replace enzyme deficiencies in patients, like when blood-clotting factors are used to treat haemophilia, or the opposite where proteases are used to degrade fibrin; use of proteases can prevent the formation of dangerous blood clots. .
PCR (polymerase chain reaction) is a "test tube" production line for churning out large numbers of identical copies of a molecule of double stranded DNA. Each strand is copied, and then copied, and so on until enough DNA has been made for analysis. PCR is sensitive enough to copy as little as one molecule of DNA; therefore it can be used to detect the presence of bacteria and viruses (via their genes) before they are present in sufficient numbers to produce symptoms. This is useful for testing HIV and forensic science; they only need one cell from the suspect. It can be used to copy DNA from bloodstains and semen samples in cases of assault and rape. It can be used to copy DNA from a single hair found at the scene of a crime so that a genetic fingerprint can be made that may lead to the identification of the criminal. It has even been used to copy DNA from Egyptian mummies, the remains of extinct animals and even a termite embalmed in amber. .
Enzymes and food have been natural partners since ancient times. Traditional roles of enzymes in the food industry have been in the processing of bakery goods, alcoholic beverages and starch conversion, but interest now lies on newer and varied applications such as hydrolysis of lactose, preparation of modified fats/oils and processing of fruit juice. Enzymes also have a wide range of industrial uses including starch conversion, manufacturing textiles, leather, paper, detergents, and medical uses, which are mentioned above.
Factors that affect enzyme activity. ... The Affect of PH on enzyme activity. A change in pH can also affect enzyme activity. ... Reversible inhibitors usually bind to enzymes non- covalently and irreversible inhibitors are usually bound to the enzyme, therefore permanently disabling the enzyme. ... Enzymes are...
Enzymes Enzymes are large molecules of amino acids that have various shapes and functions. ... Industrial and Commercial Use of Enzymes: The industrial use of enzymes spans a variety of applications, such as: • "stonewashing" blue jeans • clarifying apple juice • improving the quality of baked goods Industrial applications of these materials rely on natural enzymatic mechanisms, which are refocused and intensified to achieve desired results. ... Immobilised enzymes: An immobilised enzyme is an enzyme literally that has been attached to...
There are various factors that affect the rate of enzyme activity. ... Specific enzymes only lower the activation energy for specific reactions, and enzymes are shape-specific. ... The activity of enzymes is affected by both the concentrations of enzymes present and the concentration of substrate present. ... If the optimum conditions for an enzyme are altered, the enzyme may denature, or change its shape, and deactivate. ... The lab is investigating the effect of temperature on enzyme activity and the effect of substrate concentration on enzyme activity. ...
The Applications of Genetic Modification Since ancient times, man has been using living organisms for industrial purposes, for example, to make yoghurt and cheese from milk you need bacteria (containing chymosin for cheese). ... In this way, proteins that are rare could be produced for industrial applications (e.g. enzymes in washing powders) or medical treatments (e.g. drugs to dissolve blood clots). ... Several proteins, in particular hormones and enzymes, are made as precursor proteins that require activation, usually by enzymic removal of a small section of the polypeptide. ...
Abstract The article "Using Extremophiles To Generate Hydrogen for Electricity," makes a strong case for the benefits of engineering synthetic enzyme pathways using (and modifying) enzymes that can be found in extremophiles. ... SyPaB involves a five-step development process "(i) pathway reconstruction, (ii) enzyme selection, (iii) enzyme engineering, (iv) enzyme production and purification, and (v) process engineering" (p. 2). ... Potential enzymes are evaluated according to their ability to efficiently produce large amounts of hydrogen. While enzymes continue to work and function as lon...
A few products involved with genetic engineering are antibiotics, vaccines, and the production of enzymes as well as the two products prepared by the recombinant DNA technology for producing human growth hormones and insulin which were both produced in the E.Coli bacteria. ... One important application regarding genetic engineering is to combine the DNA from various organisms into bacterial cells to produce a required product. ... Then an enzyme called restriction enzyme or restriction endonucleases is then used to cut the DNA molecules into small pieces called restriction fragments to isolate...
Now, protein is one of the body's basic building blocks "antibodies, hormones, enzymes, hair and muscles are all forms of proteins. ... Take the most common application of snake venom, its use as an antidcoagulant, for example. In the natural state, the anticoagulant enzymes help the venom to spread quickly throughout the body; in a medical preparation, they help prevent stroke by retarding blood clotting. ... Instead of reducing the risk of heart failure, Ancrod's particular enzymes are directed at reducing stroke. ... These are just the most daring explorations, however...
These 5`LTR sequence consist of repeated R sequence which has a promoter region and a TATA box it carries out end to end transcription, Downstream of LTR is a region of PBS called as primer binding site which allows the RNA primer to bind and to synthesize DNA strand by reverse transcriptase enzyme. ... Pro gene-which codes for enzyme protease Pol gene-which codes for integrase and reverse transcriptase Env gene-which codes for surface proteins and transmembrane protein. ... The surface protein of virus attaches to the receptors of CD4 cell thus changing its conformation and capsid along wit...
Electrophoresis is the process by which charged particles suspended in a solution may be separated through the application of an electric current. ... The most frequent applications, however, use gels (polyacryamide, agarose) as a support medium. ... Proteins are major components of muscle, enzymes, hormones, hemoglobin, and other body tissues. ... An enzyme is a catalyst ( used to speed up chemical reactions). ... Genes have the code for chemical information necessary for the creation of a specific enzyme or protein. ...
