The application of enzymes in industry and medicine.
Enzyme technology is best described as the technology associated with the application of enzymes as the tools of industry, agriculture and medicine. Although the earliest reports concerning exploitation of enzymes were documented in the late 1800's, true industrial application on enzymes only began in earnest in the late 1960's. The majority of enzymes used in industrial/biotechnological applications are derived from particular fungi (Aspergillus) and bacteria (bacillus). Safe organisms must be used for customer-related applications. Enzymes are proteins and are nature's own biocatalysts. Enzymes are produced by living systems to accelerate and sustain the myriad of chemical reactions necessary to sustain life. More than 3000 enzymes catalysing a wide array of reactions are known to exist. The disintegration of foodstuffs to amino acids, sugars, and lipids is normally accomplished within 3-6 hours, depending on the amount and type of food. In the absence of enzymes, hydrolysis by digestive enzymes would take more than 30 years. Enzymes have many advantages over their chemical counterparts in that they are more specific, and generally posse's high catalytic properties. Enzymes can be immobilised, i.e., an enzymes can be linked to an inert support material without loss of activity that facilitates reuse and recycling of the enzyme. .
Enzymology is a critical part of understanding the cause of diseases. Most genetic diseases are a result of a particular enzyme deficiency. Similarly certain bacteria are more pathogenic because of an enzyme activity they possess. There are many examples of uses of enzymes in medicine, for example, glucose is always measured by an enzyme based test utilising glucose oxidise. Diabetics use strips of paper impregnated with glucose oxidise to monitor their blood sugar levels. The presence of an enzyme where there shouldn't be is also a vital diagnostic of disease.
Factors that affect enzyme activity. ... The Affect of PH on enzyme activity. A change in pH can also affect enzyme activity. ... Reversible inhibitors usually bind to enzymes non- covalently and irreversible inhibitors are usually bound to the enzyme, therefore permanently disabling the enzyme. ... Enzymes are...
Enzymes Enzymes are large molecules of amino acids that have various shapes and functions. ... Industrial and Commercial Use of Enzymes: The industrial use of enzymes spans a variety of applications, such as: • "stonewashing" blue jeans • clarifying apple juice • improving the quality of baked goods Industrial applications of these materials rely on natural enzymatic mechanisms, which are refocused and intensified to achieve desired results. ... Immobilised enzymes: An immobilised enzyme is an enzyme literally that has been attached to...
There are various factors that affect the rate of enzyme activity. ... Specific enzymes only lower the activation energy for specific reactions, and enzymes are shape-specific. ... The activity of enzymes is affected by both the concentrations of enzymes present and the concentration of substrate present. ... If the optimum conditions for an enzyme are altered, the enzyme may denature, or change its shape, and deactivate. ... The lab is investigating the effect of temperature on enzyme activity and the effect of substrate concentration on enzyme activity. ...
The Applications of Genetic Modification Since ancient times, man has been using living organisms for industrial purposes, for example, to make yoghurt and cheese from milk you need bacteria (containing chymosin for cheese). ... In this way, proteins that are rare could be produced for industrial applications (e.g. enzymes in washing powders) or medical treatments (e.g. drugs to dissolve blood clots). ... Several proteins, in particular hormones and enzymes, are made as precursor proteins that require activation, usually by enzymic removal of a small section of the polypeptide. ...
Abstract The article "Using Extremophiles To Generate Hydrogen for Electricity," makes a strong case for the benefits of engineering synthetic enzyme pathways using (and modifying) enzymes that can be found in extremophiles. ... SyPaB involves a five-step development process "(i) pathway reconstruction, (ii) enzyme selection, (iii) enzyme engineering, (iv) enzyme production and purification, and (v) process engineering" (p. 2). ... Potential enzymes are evaluated according to their ability to efficiently produce large amounts of hydrogen. While enzymes continue to work and function as lon...
A few products involved with genetic engineering are antibiotics, vaccines, and the production of enzymes as well as the two products prepared by the recombinant DNA technology for producing human growth hormones and insulin which were both produced in the E.Coli bacteria. ... One important application regarding genetic engineering is to combine the DNA from various organisms into bacterial cells to produce a required product. ... Then an enzyme called restriction enzyme or restriction endonucleases is then used to cut the DNA molecules into small pieces called restriction fragments to isolate...
Now, protein is one of the body's basic building blocks "antibodies, hormones, enzymes, hair and muscles are all forms of proteins. ... Take the most common application of snake venom, its use as an antidcoagulant, for example. In the natural state, the anticoagulant enzymes help the venom to spread quickly throughout the body; in a medical preparation, they help prevent stroke by retarding blood clotting. ... Instead of reducing the risk of heart failure, Ancrod's particular enzymes are directed at reducing stroke. ... These are just the most daring explorations, however...
These 5`LTR sequence consist of repeated R sequence which has a promoter region and a TATA box it carries out end to end transcription, Downstream of LTR is a region of PBS called as primer binding site which allows the RNA primer to bind and to synthesize DNA strand by reverse transcriptase enzyme. ... Pro gene-which codes for enzyme protease Pol gene-which codes for integrase and reverse transcriptase Env gene-which codes for surface proteins and transmembrane protein. ... The surface protein of virus attaches to the receptors of CD4 cell thus changing its conformation and capsid along wit...
Electrophoresis is the process by which charged particles suspended in a solution may be separated through the application of an electric current. ... The most frequent applications, however, use gels (polyacryamide, agarose) as a support medium. ... Proteins are major components of muscle, enzymes, hormones, hemoglobin, and other body tissues. ... An enzyme is a catalyst ( used to speed up chemical reactions). ... Genes have the code for chemical information necessary for the creation of a specific enzyme or protein. ...
