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People used in efficacy studies have been found to be fundamentally different from those used in natural clinical settings. Efficacy researchers use restrictive inclusion/exclusion criteria. The more selective the patient inclusion criteria, the greater the apparent efficacy of the treatment (Western & Morrison, 2001). In addition empirical findings are based on group means, not on individual patients actually treated (Maling & Howard, 1994). This enhances the treatments efficacy (internal validity), however neglects the importance of treatment generalization (external validity). This suggest that research findings may be over-optimistic and unrealistic when applied to everyday use in a clinical setting. A further problem with the external validity of EST research is that researchers focus only on so called symptoms. They ignore the importance of self-transcendence (Kovacs, 1996) or improvement in overall life adjustment. Outcomes of treatment in efficacy studies are most often assessed on a short-term, targeted basis, typically focused on changes in symptoms rather than on more global changes in personality or quality of life (Goldfried & Wolfe, 1996). If students only get trained in empirically supported treatments and techniques, their future clients may improve in their specific symptoms of perhaps depression, however this may not be enough for them to feel content and happy overall. In addition, when students come to finally practice the ESTs they have learnt, they might get surprised to see that real people are much more complex than people used in efficacy research. .
"Is the patients` condition responding to the treatment that is being applied?" This is another question often raised in effectiveness versus efficacy research. The position that all psychosocial treatments are all pretty much the same was labeled the "dodo bird verdict" by Luborsky, Singer, and Luborsky (1975).
Before going into exactly how these companies make profits, it is useful to look at an interesting analogy between software development and road construction made by Stallman (1992). ... Should this become an established practice, it would further increase a programmer's motivation (Lerner and Tirole, 2000). ...
As it stands today, world government can be compared to communism - both can be viewed as ideals of a perfect society, but neither has proven to work effectively in practice. ... Winston Churchill himself said it best: "The stone age may return on the gleaming wings of science, and what might now shower immeasurable blessings upon mankind may even bring about its total destruction. ... Military spending in the Third World doubled between 1974 and 1984."" ...
Coupled with this, there has been a huge upsurge in a variety of animistic and superstitious practices which are used to ward off demons from an particular geographical area or life-situation. ... Now, in the closing stages of the twentieth century after the birth of Christ, thanks to the crusading zeal of the Charismatic-Pentecostal Movement, Roman Catholicism and syncretistic liberalism, these shamanistic, occult practices are being advocated by churches professing the name of Christ. Through the gradual eradication of sound doctrine from the pulpits of the land, a majority of professing Chr...
A sense that the world was united was generated by the establishment of the International Date Line and world time zones, together with the near global adoption of the Gregorian calendar between 1875 and 1925. ... The fall of the Berlin Wall and the collapse of the Soviet Union ended the cold war between the forces of capitalism and socialism with capitalism triumphant. ... The WTO argues that the growth of trade between countries increases the wealth of everyone. ... Like the WTO, the IMF believes that world prosperity is enhanced by greater exchange between nations and that this is made poss...
