(855) 4-ESSAYS

Type a new keyword(s) and press Enter to search

Ions

.
             Chlorine is mainly extracted from sea water (brine) which contains many different ions, some of which are sodium ions and chloride ions . Brine is electrolysed and the chlorine ions are liberated' to chlorine atoms. Although when electrolysing sodium chloride, it is sometimes necessary to keep the anode and cathode reactions apart as they can react, causing the products to become impure. This can be done by separating the two electrodes with a barrier. .
             The mercury cathode cell keeps apart the products of the electrolysis of sodium chloride solution simply by having the chlorine produced in a different container from the hydrogen and sodium chloride. The first container is called the electrolyser and contains suspended titanium anodes coated with a metal oxide. The cathode is a layer of mercury flowing in the same direction as the sodium chloride solution along the sloping base of the container. .
             2Cl‾ (aq) à Cl2 (g) + 2e‾.
             .
             Diagram 2: Mercury Cell - Electrolyser .
             At the mercury cathode sodium ions are discharged instead of hydrogen ions in the following manner:.
             Na+ (aq) + e‾ à Na (l).
             The now discharged sodium then dissolves in the mercury to form a liquid amalgam which is then run into the second stage of the reaction; the decomposer. Water is pumped into the tank containing graphite blocks suspended on the mercury. Sodium is then oxidised and the ions pass into the solution as shown below:.
             Na/Hg (l) à Na+ (aq) + Hg (l) + e‾.
             Hydrogen gas and hydroxide ions are formed when water is electrolysed and the hydroxide ions reacts with the sodium ions present in the water:.
             2H2O (l) + 2e‾ à H2 (g) + 2OH‾ (aq).
             .
             Diagram 3: Mercury Cell - Decomposer .
             .
             The ion exchange membrane cell however uses a different technique. A membrane separates the anode and cathode. This membrane only allows cations like sodium ions to pass through but not anions like chlorine ions.


Essays Related to Ions

1. Chemical Compounds and Bonding

... the new shape. No charged particles exist. The molecules are neutral. As a result in an electrical current cannot be carried. Covalent molecular acids are the exception. They form ions when they are dissolved in water which is able to conduct electricity (like an ionic solution). For a substance to conduct electricity, mobile charged particles capable of conducting electricity must ... electrons. The valence electrons are said to be delocalised as they are not associated with a particular metal ion but can move freely through the lattice of metal ions. The positively charged metal ions ...

  • Word Count: 3267
  • Approx Pages: 13
  • Grade Level: Undergraduate

2. Acids, Bases & Salts

... present on the surface of the iron. Another important use of sulfuric acid is the storage cell. In a lead storage cell, dilute sulfuric acid serves as the electrolyte through which ions move between the lead plates, acting as the cathode, and the spongy lead dioxide, acting as the anode. Several such cells connected together make up the type of storage battery ... , is a base; lye (sodium hydroxide), which is used in the manufacture of soap, is another familiar example of base. Bases are ionic compounds containing metal ions and hydroxide ions. For example, sodium hydroxide contains sodi...

  • Word Count: 2035
  • Approx Pages: 8
  • Grade Level: High School

3. The Science of Electrolysis

... of electroplating would be copper being coated on to a conductive metal with the electrolyte solution as copper sulphate. As an electrolyte, copper sulphate dissolved in water, dissociates in to separate ions, (cation) and (anion) and moves freely. When the anode (conductive metal) and cathode (copper) are submerged within the solution and an potential difference is applied, i.e a battery pack, ... proportional to surface area. The specific resistivity () is the constant which represents the solutions unique resistivity. Other factors effecting the metal deposition includes duration ...

  • Word Count: 4896
  • Approx Pages: 20
  • Has Bibliography
  • Grade Level: High School

4. Structure and Bonding

... . METALIC BONDING Metallic bonding occurs between atoms with low electronegativity (.i.e. 1, 2 or 3 valence electrons); therefore there are many vacancies in valence shell. The crystal lattice of metals consists of ions NOT atoms. When electron clouds overlap, electrons can move into electron cloud of adjoining atoms. The outer electrons (-) from the original metal atoms are free to move around between the ... have high melting and boiling points. Strong forces of attraction exist between particles. A large amount of thermal energy is required to overcome the strong electrical forces betw...

  • Word Count: 2699
  • Approx Pages: 11
  • Grade Level: High School

5. Nerons

... to be maintained when the neuron is not being stimulated (Kendel et al, 1995). Ion channels are highly selective, only allowing the passing of certain ions in and out of the neuron (Kendel et al, 1995). Many models have been proposed to explain this selectivity, but the most highly supported theory ... to the opening of ion channels in adjacent regions along the axon and so on (Gleitman, 1999). Ion pumps are also used to pump ions through the channel or push them out. The sodium-potassium pump extrudes sodium from the cell while taking potassium in, and thus returns the neuron ... on its...

  • Word Count: 1059
  • Approx Pages: 4
  • Has Bibliography
  • Grade Level: Undergraduate

6. Water Hardness

... to what is called water hardness. Water hardness refers to the exact concentration of these ions. Hard water has a high concentration of cat ions and and ions. Therefore, soft water has a low concentration of cat ions and and ions. Water hardness is measured in molarity, parts per million, milligrams per liter, and grains per gallon. Although water may contain many different minerals, the hardness is ... energy levels. The energy levels must match the energy of the light in order for the atoms jump to the next energy level. The AA spectrophotometer measures the abundance of ions in the ...

  • Word Count: 797
  • Approx Pages: 3

7. Gravimetric Analysis of Chloride Salt

... used in the process of gravimetric analysis. Theory: The Chloride in the unknown salt is precipitated by the reaction of Chloride ions with Silver ions producing Silver Chloride which is insoluble in water making it possible to collect it as a precipitate later on through filtration. The ... Chlorine gas will escape and cause the analytical results to be low. None the less if this photochemical decomposition happens in the presence of excess Silver ions in an aqueous solution the following additional reaction occurs: 3Cl2(g) + 3H20(l) + 5Ag+(aq) ï‚® 5AgCl(s) + CIO3-(aq) + 6H ... with...

  • Word Count: 2064
  • Approx Pages: 8
  • Has Bibliography
  • Grade Level: High School

8. the important of water

... The Central Science by Prentice Hall's as being "water that contains a relatively high concentration of Ca2+, Mg2+, and other divalent cations." Water containing these ions is not a health hazard; however, it is a problem for industries and households. Therefore, the hardness of water is vital to understand in order ... becomes hard or what causes water to become hard. All water that we use is freshwater which is transported through many pipes. The ions Ca2+ and Mg2+ react with water and form insoluble substances which causes blockage and deposits to form. Some examples of how this affe...

  • Word Count: 2264
  • Approx Pages: 9
  • Grade Level: High School

9. Chemistry Soil Analysis Project

... m-nitroaniline was a basic compound, so in order to separate the two, we used HCl. By adding 3M HCl to our solution, the hydrogen ions would protonate the nitrogen group of m-nitroaniline, forming a salt compound which would dissolve into the aqueous layer. The naphthalene would still be dissolved in ... layers: an organic layer containing only naphthalene dissolved in ethyl acetate and an aqueous layer containing the m-nitroaniline salt, protons, and chloride ions dissolved in water. The two layers were separated using the separatory funnel. The top layer of the funnel would be naphth...

  • Word Count: 3975
  • Approx Pages: 16
  • Has Bibliography
  • Grade Level: High School

Got a writing question? Ask our professional writer!
Submit My Question