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Ions

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             Chlorine is mainly extracted from sea water (brine) which contains many different ions, some of which are sodium ions and chloride ions . Brine is electrolysed and the chlorine ions are liberated' to chlorine atoms. Although when electrolysing sodium chloride, it is sometimes necessary to keep the anode and cathode reactions apart as they can react, causing the products to become impure. This can be done by separating the two electrodes with a barrier. .
             The mercury cathode cell keeps apart the products of the electrolysis of sodium chloride solution simply by having the chlorine produced in a different container from the hydrogen and sodium chloride. The first container is called the electrolyser and contains suspended titanium anodes coated with a metal oxide. The cathode is a layer of mercury flowing in the same direction as the sodium chloride solution along the sloping base of the container. .
             2Cl‾ (aq) à Cl2 (g) + 2e‾.
             .
             Diagram 2: Mercury Cell - Electrolyser .
             At the mercury cathode sodium ions are discharged instead of hydrogen ions in the following manner:.
             Na+ (aq) + e‾ à Na (l).
             The now discharged sodium then dissolves in the mercury to form a liquid amalgam which is then run into the second stage of the reaction; the decomposer. Water is pumped into the tank containing graphite blocks suspended on the mercury. Sodium is then oxidised and the ions pass into the solution as shown below:.
             Na/Hg (l) à Na+ (aq) + Hg (l) + e‾.
             Hydrogen gas and hydroxide ions are formed when water is electrolysed and the hydroxide ions reacts with the sodium ions present in the water:.
             2H2O (l) + 2e‾ à H2 (g) + 2OH‾ (aq).
             .
             Diagram 3: Mercury Cell - Decomposer .
             .
             The ion exchange membrane cell however uses a different technique. A membrane separates the anode and cathode. This membrane only allows cations like sodium ions to pass through but not anions like chlorine ions.


Essays Related to Ions

1. Chemical Compounds and Bonding

In the lattice, each positive sodium ion is surrounded by six negative chloride ions and each negative chloride ion is surrounded by six positive sodium ions. The position of the ions is fixed and apart from vibration about these fixed positions no other movement of the ions occurs in the solid compound. Each ion in an ionic solid is held in the crystal lattice by strong electrostatic attractions to the oppositely charged ions around it. ... For example in sodium chloride, sodium loses one electron to form a sodium ion, electron is not loss but transferred to chlorine to form chlorine ion. ......

  • Word Count: 3267
  • Approx Pages: 13
  • Grade Level: Undergraduate

2. Acids, Bases & Salts

When an acid dissolves in water, the acid ionizes, releasing both hydrogen ions and ions of a nonmetal or nonmetallic polyatomic ion. ... Bases are ionic compounds containing metal ions and hydroxide ions. For example, sodium hydroxide contains sodium ions and hydroxide ions. ... When dissolved in water, bases ionize releasing metal ions (or metallic polyatomic ions) and hydroxide ions. ... Some salts are composed of metallic polyatomic ions and nonmetallic polyatomic ions (ammonium nitrate is composed of ammonium ions and nitrate ions). ...

  • Word Count: 2035
  • Approx Pages: 8
  • Grade Level: High School

3. ionic bonding

Ionic solids consist of positive & negative ions packed in an orderly arrangement. The coordination number of an ion indicates the number of ions of opposite charge that surrounds the ion in a crystal. ... Halide ion- a negative ion formed when a halogen atom gains an electron. ... Coordination Number- of an atom is the number of ions opposite charge that surround the ion in a crystal. ... NaCl, because Na positive and has ion is surrounded by 6 Cl negative ions, Na positive has a coordination number of 6. ...

  • Word Count: 536
  • Approx Pages: 2
  • Grade Level: High School

4. Ion Movement

Here I will examine the movement of ions across a typical cell membrane. ... Membrane channels are in control of ion movement across the cell membrane. In most cases of transmembrane potential it is the movement of sodium and potassium ions that create the most changes and are the most effective. ... Passive channels are always open, therefore, allowing a constant exchange of ions between the extracellular fluid and the cytosol. ... The opening or closing of these gated channels will change the rate of ion movement across the cell membrane. ...

  • Word Count: 541
  • Approx Pages: 2
  • Has Bibliography
  • Grade Level: High School

5. Chemistry - speech on sodium

The negative electrode, called the cathode, will attract positively charged metal ions. The metal ions collect electrons from the cathode and are discharged as metal atoms. The positive electrode, called the anode, will attract negatively charged non-metal ions. The non-metal ions lose electrons to the anode and are discharged as non-metal atoms. ...

  • Word Count: 504
  • Approx Pages: 2
  • Grade Level: High School

6. Activity Series

Reactions were sought by combining the metals with metal ions and an acid. ... For instance, when an acid and a metal react, the reaction is called a single replacement reaction and the products are a metal ion and H2 gas. ... The most reactive was calcium, which reacted with every metal ion as well as the HCl, and the least reactive was Copper, which reacted to not one solution or the acid. ... RESULTS Table I: Reactions of Metals With Hydrochloric Acid METAL RXN W/ HCl OBSERVATION EQUATION CA Yes, mild Bubbled, totally dissolving of Ca 2Cas + 2Haq2Ca+2 +H2 g CU No...

  • Word Count: 2466
  • Approx Pages: 10
  • Has Bibliography
  • Grade Level: High School

7. Nerons

This essay will discuss how ion channels and ion pumps allow for the movement of ions and explain how this is incorporated into the function of a neuron. ... When the excitation threshold is reached, sodium ion channels open, allowing sodium ions to rush into the neuron for about 1 millisecond before the ion channels then close again (Bond and McConkey, 2001). Potassium ion channels then open, allowing potassium ions to move out of the neuron (Bond and McConkey, 2001). ... Ion channels are highly selective, only allowing the passing of certain ions in and out of the neuron (Kend...

  • Word Count: 1059
  • Approx Pages: 4
  • Has Bibliography
  • Grade Level: Undergraduate

8. Job Redesign

NASA's Ion Engine Project Ion propulsion, also known as solar electric propulsion, has been under development since the 1950's. ... The early ion engines used mercury or cesium as fuel. ... In SERT 2, both ion engines used mercury. ... The ions need some "motivation." ... What does the future hold for ion engines? ...

  • Word Count: 1766
  • Approx Pages: 7
  • Grade Level: High School

9. Water Hardness

Hard water has a high concentration of cat ions and and ions. Therefore, soft water has a low concentration of cat ions and and ions. ... In EDTA all cat ions are quantitatively analyzed due to the fact that it is not possible to measure each cat ion individually. ... Another softening technique is ion exchange. ... These cat ions replace the sodium ions, resulting in the sodium ions being released....

  • Word Count: 797
  • Approx Pages: 3

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