I will argue that the problems and failures that accompanied privatization of land was symptomatic of the problems encountered more generally in the economy : the already very difficult task of transforming an economy was compounded by trying to apply Global development discourses without due regard to local realities. Mongolia is a good example of the pitfalls of applying economic models of developed countries in less developed countries. .
The Mongolian pastoral sector and herding population have become subject to new, global, discursive practices. Some of these discourses, such as the Tragedy of the Commons, frequently override any consideration of local realities and variability in Mongolia. .
Under the Soviet regime, Mongolian pastoralists accounted for around thirty per cent of the total population (with some estimates suggesting as much as fifty per cent) and contributed significantly to the nations GDP (over thirty per cent in 1996). Mongolian pastoralists participated in a pastoral economy that persevered, with apparent ecological and social sustainability, through several major political-economic transitions in the twentieth century. However, the rapid move to a democratic form of government and the ongoing transition to a market economy destroyed the status quo without replacing it with an accepted and workable alternative. .
Under socialism farms provided their members with guaranteed wages, living accommodation, pensions , social insurance, medical facilities, kindergartens , schools, shops, central heating, fuel and firewood, fodder for privately owned livestock, transport for migrations, clubs, libraries and recreational facilities. They also provided infrastructure like roads, wells and electricity (Humphrey: 1999: 79). Most of these farms operated with substantial subsidies from the state. Economic liberalization, from the herders" perspective, "has taken away most of these gains in return for the illusion of economic freedom" (Swift in Griffin).
I researched the country Mongolia. ... Mongolia is slightly smaller than Alaska. ... Secure in its relations with Moscow, the Mongolian Government switched to development, focusing on civilian enterprise. ... In 1983, Mongolia orderly began expelling some of the 7,000 ethnic Chinese in Mongolia to China. ... I researched the country Mongolia. ...
Weatherford concludes his book with an Epilogue giving a brief summary of Genghis Khan's life and how his conquest of the largest empire in history had a great impact on the development of the modern world. ... A key factor in the successful spread of the Mongol empire across Asia and Europe was the development of an international mail system. ... He started the first forms of the system back when he was just a chief leader on the steppes of Mongolia. ... When he defeated the Naiman tribe of Mongolia he acquired the scribes from that tribe and hired them. ... So, Genghis Khan developed ...
Why, then, did the development of horseback riding occur so much later than in some less sophisticated societies? ... The Chinese sedentary lifestyle did not demand horseback riding the way the Mongolians" did. ... Northeastern Chinese did not domesticate their horses for another 2,000 years after the Mongolians did. ... The attitude toward horses could not be more different in Mongolia. ... The survival of the Mongolians often depended on their mount, and a keeping a good, healthy horse was a source of pride. ...
Was occupied by Mongolia and suffered from Japanese expansion before World War the Second. ... In this perspective a deep cooperation with Soviet Union and later on with Russia will block any Chinese activities in the process of potential enlargement in Far East, Kazakhstan and Mongolia. ... Such new role was gained through various challenges that China faced on its way of development. ... Towards Mongolia, China by developing friendly relations can pretend on addition of 1,5 millions square kilometers of territory with 2 millions of population. ... Peace and development became main and import...
I learned this method when I joined a shooting in Mongolia. ... The setup is an introduction of story, and it is taken over by development of first act. ... In this part, new developments, the appearance of conflict, or change in situations would be described. ...
To make trade easier he standardized the length of the axles of carts so every cart could run smoothly in the ruts of the new roads and enforced a common coinage which not only benefited economic development and cultural exchanged but it also had a strong and long lasting influence on Imperial China proving to be of great importance in later years. One of his greatest achievements out of all others and probably most commonly known were joining all the parts of the Great Wall of China as one to further enhance the protection of imperial China against fierce tribes including the Mongolians. ...
And not only do people influence the development of music, but music influences the development of society. ... This statement can be backed up by looking outside America, to Mongolia, where "MTV is available on cable television, bootleg CDs blare from kiosks- Here, western music has had a great influence on the musical tendencies and affections of society. Music suited to the likings of American teenagers is enjoyed by teenagers and middle-aged Mongolians alike. ... Rap-style music in Mongolia is free from the slanderous and violent tones that line American rap, because the environment is...
