Marbury had been appointed to the Supreme Court by Adams as a last minute effort to secure a space in the government in which the federalists would retain control. However, the appointment was not delivered before Adams left office; therefore, it was the task of the people now in office to deliver the commission. Madison refused to do this, hoping that the federalist could be kept out of the judicial branch. Marbury applied to the Supreme Court to force Madison to perform his duty. The court ruled that they had no right to force or compel Madison to deliver the commission. This ruling had a watershed impact, because it was the first time the power of judicial review was actually used by the Supreme Court. The Judiciary act of 1789 had given the power to the Supreme Court to compel officials to carry out their duty on matters such as the delivery of commissions. By the court ruling that they had no right to force Madison to deliver the commission they nullified the previous act of congress, and asserted there power of judicial review. This ruling, though at the time insignificant, set the stage for the future of the Supreme Court. The power of judicial review was enforced by this case and the precedent was set for later Supreme Court cases in which the court would nullify an act of congress.
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3).
As westward expansion began to boom, and the economy and agricultural trade increased, easy credit for land became scarce. This occurred due to the new management of the national bank, which began to call in loans and foreclose of mortgages and send people to debtor's prison. This caused the Panic of 1819, in which for the first time, the government had to face the problem of nationwide pauperism. The economy all but collapsed due to the panic. For example, land that was originally 150 dollars an acre dropped to almost 35 dollars an acre. Causes for the panic included the failure of state banks due to the lack of funds, a new piece of legislation was passed that called for the payment of hard currency for land, factories were closed due to foreign competition, and the price of cotton fell dramatically.
