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chemistry open book paper 2003



            
             • Sunlight is needed to provide the energy to break the bonds. .
            
             • Anti-cyclonic conditions (high pressure, still air); this would stop the air at high altitude mixing with the air closer to the ground and therefore the pollutants are trapped near ground level. .
             Ozone is one of the reactants needed to form photochemical smog, however the concentration of ozone (O ) increases due to a number of reactions which take place when primary pollutants are converted into secondary pollutants. .
             Ozone is being produced all the time in the atmosphere by the reaction of oxygen molecules and atoms: .
             .
             O + O O 1 .
             The oxygen atom in that reaction comes from the product of another reaction taking place. This reaction requires energy from the Sun in order to break the nitrogen dioxide. The photon needed to break 1 N-O bond must have a wavelength lower than 435 nm.
             NO NO + O 2 .
             Even though the oxygen produced reacts to form ozone (equation 1) the nitrogen oxide reacts with it and turns it back into nitrogen dioxide and oxygen:.
             O + NO O + NO 3 .
             In natural conditions this reaches a steady state so that the rate of production of ozone is equal to the rate of destruction of ozone. However this is disrupted when hydrocarbons are added. The hydrocarbons are broken down into new products in 3 steps:.
             1) RCH + OH RCH + H O 4.
             This is an oxidation reaction by a hydroxyl radical; it produces an alkene and a water molecule. .
             2) RCH + O RCH O 5.
             The alkene reacts with an oxygen molecule and forms a peroxy radical.
             3) RCH O + NO RCH O + NO 6.
             The peroxy radical reacts with nitrogen oxide. This reaction converts NO back to NO and therefore reduces the concentration of NO so that less ozone is broken down because this reaction does not involve breaking down of ozone unlike reaction 3 which now has less NO to react.


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