Jean Piaget, a Swiss psychologist and early childhood educator, made significant distributions to early childhood education developmental psychology especially in the areas of the developments of children's thought, cognition and language (Ornstein & Levine, 1993).
In his studies from 1920s to mid-1930s, he examined children's conceptions of moral judgement, number, space, logic, geometry, physical reality, reasoning and conception of the world (Egan, 1983).
PRINCIPLES OF LEARNING AND INSTRUCTION .
Piaget perceives the child as the primary agent. According to his cognitive theory, human behavior results from the adaptation of the agent to the environment as a consequence of a complex and continuous interaction between the two (Ornstein & Levine, 1993). The child 1- assimilates environmental factors; 2- adjusts to environmental requirements in order to be adapted to it. So, he learns to generalize, differentiate and coordinate the concepts of reality.
Piaget regards the human mind as an organism rather than as a mechanism (Egan, 1983). It is also possible to see this idea in his cognitive theory.
According to him intelligence develops in sequential stages consisting of specific periods. Each stage depends on the previous stage and leads to the next stage. The four stages identified by Piaget are given below:.
1- Sensorimotor stage.
2- Preoperational stage.
3- Concrete operations stage.
4- Formal operations stage.
In order to be able to understand his theory clearly, it is necessary to look at these stages in particular. Though his theory can be put into practice in many fields, we will only deal with the relationship between the stages and education (Piaget, 1952).
1. Sensorimotor Stage (0-2 years): .
This stage consists of six sub stages. These are: stage 1 (0- 1 month), stage 2 (1- 4 months), stage 3 (4- 8 months), stage 4 (8 -12 months), stage 5 (12- 18 months), stage 6 (18- 24 months). During the period from stage one to stage six the child undergoes some changes (Egan, 1983).
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It was Piaget's belief that human beings use reflexes in order to adapt to their environment. Many teaching methods geared toward preschool and primary age children are based around Piaget's belief in a "hands-on" approach to learning. Piaget was a proponent of teaching children to become abstract thinkers by working in groups, using manipulatives, and encouraging independent thought. For most children, the educational approach that Piaget considered beneficial to cognitive development works towards developing abstract thought. ... Where do they fit into Piaget's stages of...
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Piaget developed theories to explain the cognitive development and logical thinking in children. ... Piaget believed that each person was born with a set of sensory and motor schemes. ... Piaget's Ideas on the First Two Years of Life - Sensorimotor Stage Piaget calls the before mentioned information, sensorimotor intelligence. ... (Bee) Piaget breaks this stage down into three sub stages : 1. ... For Piaget this signals the beginning of the Pre-operational stage. ...
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Jean Piaget was born in Neuchatel, Switzerland in 1896. ... From this research Piaget created a broad theoretical system for the development of cognitive abilities. ... Piaget referred to his theory as genetic epistemology. ... Piaget viewed intelligence as an extension of biological adaptation that has a logical structure. ... The first stage that Piaget felt all children go through was the sensorimotor stage. ...
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Finally, in 1936, Piaget developed a systematic study of cognitive development. ... The process of which this occurs is Piaget's theory. ... Preoperational Stage According to Piaget, this stage is anywhere from 2 until seven years old. ... The educational theory has benefited from Piaget's work. ... Conclusion Jean Piaget's work has affected education learning and psychology in an outstanding way. ...
