In Smith v Allwright (1944), the Court overruled its previous decision made nine years earlier in Grovey v. Townsend, and held that the right to vote in primary elections was actually protected by the Constitution. This case again concerned the Texas Democratic Party's resolution that restricted membership to white citizens of Texas. The Court found that primary elections were conducted by the party under state authority and were a means of choosing officials. Although recognizing that general membership in a party was not a concern of the state, the Court held that when membership was a qualification for voting in a primary to select nominees for the general election, it became an action of the state, and therefore violated the 15th Amendment.
The Court's series of decisions interpreting the equal protection clause of the 14th amendment, and the 15th amendment had its beginning in Gomillion v. Lightfoot (1960), in which the court found a 15th amendment violation in the redrawing of a municipal boundary line into a 28-sided figure exluding from the city all but four or five of 400 African Americans but no whites, which thereby continued white domination in municipal elections. When an otherwise lawful exercise of state power is used to get around a federally protected right, the courts may intervene.
In 1965, the federal government adopted the Voting Rights Act, to ensure access to the ballot for all citizens, an initiative that was supposed to be implemented through the 15th amendment. However, in many jurisdictions, particularly in the South, African-Americans who historically had faced racial discrimination were unable to elect candidates of their choice in most elections. In 1982, the Voting Rights Act was amended to include provisions requiring certain jurisdictions to take steps to give minority voters an opportunity to elect candidates of their choice. .
To allow minority voters to elect candidates, the solution in a majority, winner-take-all system initially was to turn the minority into a majority through drawing legislative districts to turn an overall racial minority into a majority in a particular district.
Lord of the Flies: Symbol Scrutiny "Near to Ralph's elbow a palm sapling leaned out over the lagoon He tore out the stem and began to poke about in the water The shell was deep cream touched here and there with pink Ralph grasped the idea and hit the shell with air from his diaphragm. ...
Likewise, The Court uses three separate tests "the rational basis test, the strict scrutiny test, and the heightened scrutiny test "to determine whether a classification is constitutional or not. ... Secondly, the strict scrutiny test is a more thorough means of the Court in applying its power of judicial review. ... Lastly, the heightened (or intermediate) standard of scrutiny is a more thorough analysis than rational scrutiny but less so than strict scrutiny. ... Under such scrutiny, the government's objective must not merely rely upon the argument that a law compromises a...
Dead Poets Society Everyone lives in a controlled society of one sort or another whether it's obvious or not. Laws, peer pressure, expectations of the general public and public scrutiny are some of the things that provide control within the subsets of society. It is only by understanding wh...
BUSINESSES It is known that commercial life is full of risk. Co-operation of people or small businesses constitutes big companies and businesses. Owning a business has lots of advantages and disadvantages. We can classify businesses in five basic categories. First of all, the easiest way to set up a...
The sense of surveillance, interrogation and scrutiny, is also highly intensified by symbolic elements and images of harrowing, jet black hollows that serve as recurring motifs in Psycho. ... In this sequence, the voyeuristic play of the camera works on two different levels, the audience is able to gain double scrutiny of the same event. ... The audience, who has followed and experienced Marion's previous escapades with her, is subjected to the policeman's scrutiny as well: they share her guilt. ... Her scrutiny is being felt by Bates internally, rendering it as an inner surveillanc...
It is unfortunate that young people in Australian society are most often under scrutiny for violence, crimes, and drugs rather than for their positive contributions to society. ... Young people who may be in the process of forming their identities and interests in subcultural groups in Australian society are most often under scrutiny for violence, crimes, and drugs rather than for their positive contributions to society. ...
The purpose of these laws is to protect rape victims from public scrutiny, however, there are unintended consequences of rape shiled laws. ... Americans are afforded the liberty of being innocent until proven guilty, so it is unfair that people who have been accused of rape are open to public scrutiny while their accusers remain anonymous. ...
"The scrutiny that will come on his ideological and fiscal policies and social policies will be magnified greatly because of the short time period" (Hunt). ... I don't think anybody can stand up to that scrutiny without laying the groundwork for a long time before," he said. "His positions, whatever he's done as a prosecutor, any case he's never tried, any opinion he's ever gotten out of a judge, everything - it's all going to go under scrutiny that we've seen time after time is enormously more difficult to deal with as a presidential candidate" (Hunt). ...
Having this influence allows the pm to have and easy ride because during many processes of scrutiny the pm will enjoy the comfort ability of not being embarrassed. Poor resources for methods of scrutiny are a reason why the executive dominates parliament. ...
