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lasers in engineering

Unlike conventional bulbs, which have no mid-energy state(Metastable state). They go from their ground state to the excited state and back again to ground state. The energy released from this is given out as light and not reflected back to the source in anyway. .
             Free radiating waves issued from an atom which have been stimulated to emit radiation are reflected back using reflected surfaces. Light wave-energy is thus reflected back to the source stimulating more atoms into emitting more special radiation.
             Maiman's laser with a rod of ruby, the rod is fashioned from any type of gem stone, the bulk of rod acts merely as the host material. E.g. Ruby, the active material in this case being chromium ions. Ruby composition Cr3+:Al2 O3. when the material corundum possesses no chromium, its sapphire.
             The Ruby laser is classed as a crystalline solid laser because the host is a grown crystal of ruby. Quite an important laser is one using neodymium ions as active ions and non-crystalline(amorphous) glass as the best material. Use of glass bypasses the cumbersome crystal growing thus higher peak power.
             There are also gas lasers, a gas tube filled with a special gas mixture. High voltage applied across two electrodes near the ends cause electrical discharge and thus the gas glows.
             The difference between gas and ruby lasers is that most gas lasers operate continuously. The glow discharge applied by the voltage continually places a large population of atoms in the metastable state, although atoms falling back to a lower level are elevated back up again by the glow-discharge phenomenon.
             There are also semiconductor-lasers. Semiconductor materials are neither good conductors of electricity nor perfect insulators. Direct current flows through material by connecting power source to electrodes affixed to opposite surfaces, atoms within the material are therefore excited to a higher energy state, falling back to a lower state gives off light or other types of electromagnetic radiation.


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