lowered unemployment to 17.2%. To make these organizations it was .
going to take money. Roosevelt had to deficit spend, which is when the .
government spends more than their budget in one year, in order to .
obtain this money. Of course these ideas of supply and demand and .
active government didn't just come to him. He was influenced by John .
Maynard Keynes and John Stuart Mill. There philosophies were the basis .
of the New Deal. John Stuart Mill, who began studying economics at age .
13, was one of the most influential political thinkers of the .
mid-Victorian period. He believed in empiricism and utilitarianism. .
Empiricism is the belief that legitimate knowledge comes only from .
experience. Utilitarianism is the belief by which things are judged .
right or wrong. It is judged according to their consequences. In a way .
he was a hypocrite. When the economy was good he believed in .
Laisezz-Faire, which means "hands off." If the economy was bad, .
though, he believed in an extended role of government. This simply .
meant that the government should take part in the economy and try to .
make it better. The New Deal was a very active government plan because .
it had the government working directly to make jobs and fix the .
economy. Mill died in 1873 and would never had a chance to talk to .
Franklin D. Roosevelt. In a press conference Franklin D. Roosevelt .
once said, "I brought down several books by English economists and .
leading American economists, I suppose I must have read different .
articles by fifteen different experts."(Schlesinger, Pg.650) This .
writing indirectly steered Roosevelt towards a plan which expanded the .
role of government. Mill gave Franklin D. Roosevelt the basis of the .
plan, but it needed to be elaborated on. John Maynard Keynes was the .
man to do this. John Maynard Keynes, one of the most influential .
economists of the 20th century. For many years he was an active voice .
in economics. In 1929 he wrote We Can Conquer Unemployment and in 1930 .