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Roman and New York Aqueducts

Furthermore, the location of the aqueducts could not be far away from the quarries and other necessary materials. .
             The next process was the construction of the aqueduct. A wide variety of materials were needed, including stone, terra cotta pipe, wood, leather, lead and bronze. The most difficult and costly part of constructing an aqueduct was constructing arcades when valleys had to be crossed. Wood was a very important resource used during the construction of the arcades. Although wood was generally not used predominately in the structure per se, it was of great importance. At the beginning of the construction process many trees were cut down and cut into planks and beams, which would be used to make scaffolding around the arcade. Also, wooden structures were used to hold up the arches until the keystone was ready to be placed. Some wood was used in the construction of the foundations as well. In addition, machinery such as the "goat" and "sheep" was used to lift stones were made out of wood. .
             Limestone and Yellow stone were two very important types of stones that were used. Usually there was a quarry of one type of stone near the construction site. This made the job of transporting the stones much easier. The stones were finely cut on the sides that would be visible. Rubble was also quarried to be used as filler for the inside of columns and foundation. This was less expensive than the large stones. Rubble was collected into piles and then a large stone called the transom was placed on top of the pile to provide a strong base for the arch to rest on. The large stones were usually quarried in separate places from the other stones. .
             The Romans invented fairly simple yet effective machines to assist in the construction. The first machine was called the goat. It was used to lift heavy loads either off a ship or up the arcade. Slaves provided the power necessary for this device by walking around in a wheel that pulled a rope up.


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Aqueducts were constructed by ancient cultures, but the aqueduct system constructed by the ancient Romans was probably the most expensive in the ancient world. The first to be built by the Romans, Aqua Appia, was an underground aqueduct about 16 km long. ... The Aqua Marcian in Rome, about 90 km long was the first Roman aqueduct to carry water above ground Ancient Rome was supplied by more than ten aqueducts. ... The ancient Romans built aqueducts in all parts of their empire, many of which are still standing. ... The main aqueducts under New York City are between 61 and 183 m below sea leve...

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A few new aqueducts were constructed, but they couldn't be compared to the size of the Roman ones (McDonald, 1998). ... In the United States, aqueduct systems supply water to Boston, Baltimore, Washington DC, Saint Louis, New York, and Los Angeles, among other cities (Funk & Wagnalls, 1983). "The water supply system for New York City is among the most elaborate in the world" (McDonald, 1998). ... "The main aqueducts under New York are between 200 and 600 feet below sea level" (Funk & Wagnalls, 1983). Most of the water in New York comes from watersheds to the north. ...

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Computers and the new programs are helping with building many designs. ... They realized how crucial engineering is to the success of constructing everything from warships, to aqueducts to mechanical clocks. ... The brief history of mechanical engineering originally starts out with the ancient empires of the Romans and Chinese. According to how stuff works, the ancient Romans influenced modern civilization with its developments of "sewers, aqueducts and concrete"" (Gallagher, 2011). The Romans mechanically designed and constructed each of these in order to fulfill a specific purpose in their...

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He was a correspondent of the New York Daily Tribune, edited by Horace Greeley, from 1852 to 1861, and in 1857 and 1858 he wrote a number of articles for the New American Cyclopedia, edited jointly by the American writer and editor Charles Anderson Dana and American journalist and literary critic George Ripley. ...

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