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Political science


            
            
            
             • studied law, philosophy, and history.
            
             • lifelong collaboration w/ Friedrich Engels.
            
             • develop a communist ideology.
            
             • 1848 produced Communist Manifesto: urging workers to rise and take over the means of production for the exploiting capitalist class.
            
             • 1864 founded First International: purpose to unite workers everywhere in a revolutionary struggle.
            
             • Suggested a new way of looking at social life and history: he saw material and economic conditions as a responsible for the shaping of our values, morality, attitudes, and political institutions. .
            
             • Singled out property relations to the key element and the exploitation of "have-nots" by the "haves" to be at the heart of liberal capitalism.
            
             • Capital first pub. 1867, 2nd and 3rd by Engels in 1885 and 1894.
            
             • Manifesto of the Communist Party 1848 written at the request of a small group of radicals: the Communist League.
             JOHN STUART MILL.
            
             • Essay On Liberty 1859: developed the theory of moral (as opposed simply to economic) individualism and linked it to requirements of education and enlightenment. .
            
             • He is most well known as a strong advocate of individualism.
            
             • Feared that the advent of democracy was bringing with it a stifling pressure to conform to the conventional or popular opinion. .
            
             • The Subjection of Women1869: was free to think and act for him or herself.
             JEREMY BENTHAM.
            
             • Founder of Utilitarian School, which proposed that people maximize pleasure and minimize pain (felicific calculus), and that these impulses were the source of human motivation.
            
             • Fragments on Government and Defense of Usury and Introduction to the Principles of Morals and Legislation.
            
             • Expounded the theories of individualism and economic freedom. .
             EDMUND BURKE.
            
             • Most eloquent expounder of British conservative ideology.


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