Cummings, who was born in 1894 and died in 1962, wrote many .
poems with unconventional punctuation and capitalization, and unusual .
line, word, and even letter placements - namely, ideograms. Cummings' .
most difficult form of prose is probably the ideogram; it is extremely .
terse and it combines both visual and auditory elements. There may be .
sounds or characters on the page that cannot be verbalized or cannot .
convey the same message if pronounced and not read. Four of Cummings' .
poems - l(a, mortals), !blac, and swi( - illustrate the ideogram form .
quite well. Cummings utilizes unique syntax in these poems in order to .
convey messages visually as well as verbally.
Although one may think of l(a as a poem of sadness and .
loneliness, Cummings probably did not intend that. This poem is about.
individuality - oneness (Kid 200-1). The theme of oneness can be .
derived from the numerous instances and forms of the number '1' .
throughout the poem. First, 'l(a' contains both the number 1 and the .
singular indefinite article, 'a'; the second line contains the French .
singular definite article, 'le'; 'll' on the fifth line represents two .
ones; 'one' on the 7th line spells the number out; the 8th line, 'l', .
isolates the number; and 'iness', the last line, can mean "the state .
of being I" - that is, individuality - or "oneness", deriving the .
"one" from the lowercase roman numeral 'i' (200). Cummings could have .
simplified this poem drastically ("a leaf falls:/loneliness"), and .
still conveyed the same verbal message, but he has altered the normal .
syntax in order that each line should show a 'one' and highlight the .
theme of oneness. In fact, the whole poem is shaped like a '1' (200). .
The shape of the poem can also be seen as the path of a falling leaf; .
the poem drifts down, flipping and altering pairs of letters like a .
falling leaf gliding, back and forth, down to the ground. The .
beginning 'l(a' changes to 'le', and 'af' flips to 'fa'.