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Human Cloning


            True human cloning involves taking a somatic cell from a person and removing its nucleus. Then the nucleus of a fertilized egg cell is removed .
             and placed in the somatic cell. This is impossible in humans right now because the somatic cells are specialized and there are many genes that .
             have been switched off in them that we do not know how to turn them back on. This was done with frogs however. The eggs were implanted .
             with the nuclei from the intestinal lining of tadpoles. Most of these frogs died or grew into monsters. Of the ones that did grow normally they .
             were sterile. .
             Embryo splitting or blastomere separation is what is most commonly referred to as human cloning. Embryos in the early stages of development .
             start to divide into cells called blastomeres. The zona pellucida (a protective covering for the egg) is punctured or removed and the blastomeres .
             are separated from each other. Each blastomere is then covered with an artificial zona pellucida. Then each of the blastomeres starts dividing .
             and becomes an embryo. This was attempted by Hall and Stillman in 1993. They used embryos that contained too much genetic information .
             and got as far as 32-cell divisions in some the embryos. At this stage the embryo can be implanted in the womb. .
             Another technique is nuclear transplantation. In this process unspecialized embryonic cells are used and their nuclei are removed. An embryo .
             in the 32-cell division stage has its blastomeres separated and then the blastomere is fused with an egg cell by using an electric current or .
             another method. .
             A possibility for human cloning that has been proposed is that of the embryos that were cloned and not implanted would be frozen for use in a .
             catalog. The child that was born from a cloned embryo would have a picture taken of him/her and placed in a catalog along with a description .
             of the child. Then prospective parents could choose the child that they want, order its embryo, and implant it into the woman's womb.


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