e. the military; and completely transformed and reformed another-.
the zaibatsu. After the occupation the old zaibatsu were recreated on the basis of their banks rather than their former family holding companies.
In 1945, SCAP (which exercised complete control of all exports and imports of goods and services as well as all foreign exchange transactions) directed the Japanese government to create a single government agency to account for and distribute the goods that SCAP itself imported into Japan and to receive and transfer all Japanese exports back to SCAP. This led to the creation of the Board of Trade (BOT). However this was loosely attached to the pre-war Ministry of Commerce and Industry (MCI) rather than the Foreign Ministry as the Americans preferred. .
Later on in 1948, along with Douglas MacArthur's nine-point plan for economic stabilisation, the Japanese abolished both BOT and MCI to create the Ministry of International Trade and Investment (MITI) which was to later have great influence over Japanese industrial policy. During 1949 SCAP began a policy of transferring some of its own controlling and supervisory powers to the Japanese government. As a result of this the foreign control laws and a foreign exchange control board was set up. Although SCAP intended these laws to be temporary and to be gradually relaxed, these powers were passed on to MITI by 1952 and only gradually done away with in 1980. The powers of the economic bureaucrats thus grew to include control over all foreign exchange and imports of technology, which gave them the power to choose the industries for development by allocating foreign exchange as and when needed; the ability to dispense preferential financing above and beyond this, tax breaks and protection from foreign competition- which gave them the ability to lower the costs of the selected industry and finally the authority to order mergers and the creation of cartels and bank based conglomerates- which gave them the power to supervise competition.
Men assumed supervisory roles over women and received higher wages. Unsupervised young women away from home generated societal fears over their fate. ... Europe made up 25% of world pop - the most it ever has. ... Sanitation by sewers, etc., were- methods adopted all over Europe. ... • Origins of the Industrial Working Class (Proletariat). ...
IMPLICATION OF FORMING SEM ON MEI"S BUSINESS POLICY 9 CHAPTER 3 RECOMMENDATIONS 11 3.1 VISION 35 11 3.2 ACTION SUGGESTED 11 3.2.1 Organizational Structure 11 3.2.2 Product Innovation 12 3.2.3 Cost Reduction 13 3.2.4 Price Uniform 14 3.2.5 European Brand Image 14 CONCLUSION 15 BIBLIOGRAPHY 16 Introduction Matsushita Electrical Industrial Co. ... Over the next three years, its revenues moved forward to new business area (61% in 1994). ... The Principles do not change, although interpretations and implementation naturally evolve to fit changing circumstances. 1.3 Business poli...
Organisation Excellence is integrated into business through strategy by understanding the core process and involving people. ... The total quality management was divided into three models. the first was 'The Deming Model' which was only used in Japan. ... In recent years this model has been preferred over the ISO 9000 by many organisations as it provides better productivity, improved motivation, enhances quality and reduces cost and wastages. ... The move from an agrarian, rural, small economy to an urban, industrial, large economy took a long time but eventually, and inevitably, so...
In the past there has been a lot of research done on motivation through expectation, but no research has looked in to the results of participation in training and development, or have looked at it as compared to the concept of the motivation to learn. ... They took the same survey at Time 1 and at Time 2, a year later. About 52% of the sample was male that were the ages 25 to 54, plus over half of them had earned degrees. ... Second, accountable trainees will engage in strategies to enhance learning during the training more than subjects that were unaccountable. ... Each of these samples e...
The innovative quick service restaurant concept pioneered by Dick and Mac McDonald in San Bernadino, CA has evolved into the world's largest food service organization serving millions of customers a day across countries. ... In 1985 McDonald's was added to the 30-company Dow Jones Industrial Average McDonald's serves 45 million people every day in about 29,000 restaurants in 121 countries. ... How we implement these strategies varies by market. ... Japan, which we operate through a joint venture, is our largest market in Asia/Pacific. Despite their recession, we have g...
The JIT manufacturing model has been used within a lot of manufacturing and has given Japan manufacturing massive success over the last few decades especially for Toyota (Aljian,1984).The JIT approach model involves continuous commitment to the pursuit of excellence in all phases of the manufacturing system design and operation. ... This has proven be a great strategy for the management team and has resulted in some big wins. ... Part of Ford's organization's lean resource strategy was to complete a SWOT analysis. ... At that time Ford had 97 different models. ... Continuous improve...
Other parties waited a further week, so there was plenty of time to consider a response. ... Committed to offensive strategies, dependent on the hope that any war would be short and reliant on the implementation of their carefully developed plans, the general staffs believed they had prepared for almost every possible contingency. ... That nations were unprepared for 4 years of attrition in the trenches could still mean they intended conflict of another shape entirely, but were surprised by the situation that evolved once hostilities commenced. ... As her navy and industrial capacity are adde...
Figure 1 illustrates as how to be more than just being a total quality or adaptive organization. It means learning how to anticipate and stay ahead at impending changes (qualities of learning organizations) and how to continuously improve to maintain a competitive advantage. ... For this they create continuous improvement strategies. ... These are the strategies that help in creation of what is called a virtual organization. ... Although eBay has spawned many ...
"The simple minimum for Knowledge Management is to make KM strategy a actuality: to confirm that people are out there relating the best knowledge which BP has, in a constant manner all over the world," says Houston- BP consultant Wendy C Valot. ... Now this knowledge is being leveraged on a worldwide scale by task engineers in Japan, Poland, China, and Venezuela. ... Strategy and Leadership One of the BP's impressive aspects is the grade to which it has combined tactical work with knowledge, and has learned to effort across structural silos so this knowledge is shared, productivities ar...
