They took the same survey at Time 1 and at Time 2, a year later. About 52% of the sample was male that were the ages 25 to 54, plus over half of them had earned degrees. It was measured that there were high alpha coefficients at both times, and the correlations of both times remained stable. The measure of motivation through expectation was a multiplicative score of expectancy, instrumentality, and valence, plus it used extrinsic outcomes. Four parts of the work place were measured: supervisor support, employer support, job challenge, and workload. As for the results, hypothesis 1, which proposed the direct explanation of training and development by the work place and training motivation had support. Both motivation through expectation (Times 1, 2: B = . 20, .19) and motivation to learn (Times 1,2: B= .15, .21) predicted participation in training and development throughout the next 12 months. Supervisor and employer support were significant Time 1 work place predictors of training and development, while job challenge and workload were not. Hypothesis 2, suggesting mediator effects of training motivation, did not gain support. Only the independent variable of supervisor support predicted training and development (B= .14). Finally, as for hypothesis 3, proposing that training motivation would moderate the link between the work environment and participation in training and development, only employer support results were high. Employer support for training and development predicted participation in training and development more for employees that had higher motivation. These results support the fact that employees" training motivation from expectation and the desire to learn helps explain their participation in training and development. Support from their supervisors was the main job factor that enhanced participation in training and development. .
The second article by Jacquelyn DeMatteo entitled, "The Effects of Accountability on Training Effectiveness", looks in to the effects of accountability on training effectiveness.
