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Yellow Raft


Ida learned the social rules within her family and her environment and choose whether or not she was going to abide by them. She learned to become self-sufficient and to be able to take care of herself. Although this was not mentioned in the book it is evident that she has successfully passed this stage since she is able to not only care for herself, but she also cared for her family without any shame or doubt in herself. Ida basically assumed the "mother- role of housekeeper when Annie became ill. In doing this she was also taking initiative in helping the family. This leads to the third stage, which is initiative versus guilt, which occurs during the ages 3 to 6 years old. This stage expands "on the autonomy developed in the previous stage, children initiate pretend play with peers and accept responsibilities such as helping with household chores. Sometimes these activities create conflicts with other family members and these conflicts create guilt. Excessive guilt will inhibit initiative; children can resolve the crisis by learning to balance initiative against the demands of others (e.g., parents) (Sroufe, Cooper, & Dehart, 1992). There is little mention in the book regarding Ida's peer interactions during this time period, but Ida took initiative when she was older and played well with Clara before Clara's pregnancy. It did not seem like she was leading a life feeling guilty or second guessing her decisions. This could only lead one to believe that she was able to successfully pass this stage.
             The next stage is industry versus inferiority, which takes place from 6-11 years old. This stage is when a child "must master increasingly difficult skills, particularly social interaction with peers and academic performance. Children whose industry enables them to succeed in these areas develop a sense of mastery and self-assurance. Children who do not experience mastery of particular skills feel inferior and shun new activities (Sroufe, Cooper, & DeHart, 1992).


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