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Major Themes in Macbeth


            In the tragedy of Macbeth, Shakespeare employs many different themes throughout the play to further the plot, express abstract ideas or thoughts, and to relate characters. Three major themes in the tragedy of Macbeth are the themes of clothing, birds, and equivocation.
             One theme that Shakespeare uses is that of clothing. This theme occurs many times in the play and it serves mainly as a metaphor to express ideas. In the first act, Macbeth asks Ross, "Why do you dress me / in borrowed robes?" (1.3.108-109) after he calls Macbeth the thane of Cawdor. The robe is symbolic of this position of thane, and he calls them borrowed because he thinks that the thane of Cawdor is still alive. Later on, when Macbeth is still considering whether he should murder the king, he decides that it would not be wise to throw away his growing reputation saying that he has, " bought / Golden opinions which would be worn now in their newest gloss" (1.7.32-34). In this case, Shakespeare associates opinions with clothes that can be worn.
             Another recurring theme in Macbeth is the theme of birds, ones usually symbolic of ill or bad-omen. Several can be seen in the second act. While Macbeth kills Duncan, Lady Macbeth thinks she hears an owl. "It was the owl that shrieked, the fatal bellman" (2.2.2-4). She calls the owl a fatal bellman, who was a man that would announced the execution of prisoners by ringing his bell. Lennox also makes reference to this bird of death in his line, "The obscure bird / Clamored the livelong night" (2.3.48-49). A third owl was mentioned in the conversation between the old man and Ross when the old man recounts the unnatural occurrences of the night when Duncan was killed. He says, "A falcon, tow"ring in her pride of place, / Was by a mousing owl hawked at and killed" (2.4.12-13). This shows the supernatural things that were happening because owls normally hunt mice and would never fly as high as a falcon to hunt and kill it.


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