The theory of realism has dominated world politics for 2,500 years. It provides the most powerful explanation for the state of war. Realism is predominantly focused on the "reality" of the world, "human nature as it is and not as it ought to be, events as they have occurred, and not as they ought to have". There are three types of realism: classical , modern, and neo-realism. Classical Realism revolves around the idea of power. Realists believe that in the "real" world all states "seek, power, given the opportunity". Many realist ideas are tied into the concept of power, and more specifically the maximizing and maintaining of that power. Realists are focused mainly on military and strategic power rather than economic, political or social power. Realism thinks that the main actor of international relations is the state.
After World War II, the United States of America had emerged as the dominant "super power". In doing so it then discovered it needed to justify going up against the power of the Soviet Union to the rest of the world who knew that they had not been involved in international relations up to this point. "It could justify both accommodation and the building up or armaments in the name of a balance of power". And so Realism is very much an important doctrine for politicians, as it justifies and maintains the authority, status and credibility of the great powers of the world.
Liberalism.
The ideas of primary importance to Liberal Internationalists are those of "freedom, justice and peace", a far cry from the power struggling world of the Realists. To attain these goals it is necessary to do so through international cooperation and economic affairs, or trade. Their belief being that such trade and international ties is conducive to peace and preventative to war which would harm trade and international interests. To liberalists the main actors are the individuals. In liberal internationalism, the government is desired to have limited importance, tying in with the individual as the primary actor.
Liberation linguistics vs. ... Liberation linguistics vs. ... Kachru reacted on Quirk's paper by publishing "Standards, codification and sociolinguistic realism: the English language in the outer circle " in 1985 in which he focuses on standards of English, meaning that there is more than just one single standard to be taught (Seidlhofer 2003: 8). ...
