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The French Revolution


To make matters worse, their lives were full of misery and social degradation. Many peasants had little to eat because their money went to pay taxes. The bourgeoisie, despite their education and wealth, suffered social discrimination and resented the treatment they received. .
             The people "resented the rising and unequal taxes, the persecution of religious minorities, and government interference in their private lives." During this period, a population boom, along with inflation and food shortages, threatened the survival of millions of poor Frenchmen. Royal officials hoarded food reselling it at higher prices. The people viewed the government as inefficient and saw Versailles as a symbol of corruption and waste. .
             Criticism even came from the king's own ministers who distributed pamphlets protesting royal initiatives that threatened the rights of the people. The philosophes and other great thinkers and writers: Montesquieu, Voltaire, Diderot, Thomas and Rousseau in particular, added their intellectual arguments against the government. In his Social Contract, Rousseau stated that there was a contract between the king and the people under which the king has a responsibility to promote and protect the people in return for their loyalty. Since this contract had been broken, the people had to revolt against the autocracy to free themselves of their feudal bonds. The works of these intellectuals prepared the French people intellectually for the Revolution.
             The discontent and intellectual preparedness of the French people may have led nowhere had it not been for the inefficient and antiquated financial system of the monarchy. By the late 1780's, it could barely cover the interest on all its royal debts. With previous attempts at financial reform having failed, the king was forced to summon the Estates General for the first time in 175 years in order to raise revenue. .
             The king's expectation that new taxes for all and less privileges for the First and Second Estates quickly turned around on him when the Third Estate along with some nobles and clerics challenged the government demanding that the Third Estate be given a fair and equitable voice.


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