Additional information supports why it seems more credible that the Romans adopted the gladiatorial combats from the Etruscans. The following supplementary information focuses on the weaknesses of a Campanian theory. First of all, "The literary evidence for the "Campanian" theory is fairly meager, depending solely on references in Livy, Strabo, and Silius Italicus" (Futrell 11). Secondly, archaeologists interpreted the static tomb paintings in Campania to represent gladiatorial battles, although the paintings were most likely formulated (Futrell). Lastly, "The literary and material evidence for an Osco-Samnite origin for the munera is suggestive rather than conclusive" (Futrell 12). .
Gladiatorial combats served a more positive function than direct human sacrifice that had been practice in the past. Even though killing still occured, " at least the winner came out of the ritual alive, and sometimes the loser also- (Baker 11). The old tradition of sacrifice the Romans held was the sacrifice of a human. Gladiatorial battles gave each gladiator a chance to live whereas in a direct human sacrifice the human did not even have a chance to live. Also, if a gladiator had fought well and bravely, even if he had been defeated, he could expect a missio which meant his life was spared until his next battle (Baker).
Romans warmly accepted gladiatorial contests in antiquity. The Romans loved the brutality and bloodshed. Consequently, attending the munera gladiatoria was one of the practices Romans performed (Wiedemann). "Romans rejoiced in the blood of the dead and the dying, for in so doing they showed the qualities that had made their civilization great and powerful" (Baker 2). When gladiators experienced excruciating suffering, the crowd cheered and applauded and if a spectator was horrified or even mildly upset by such sights he/she was considered pitiful and un-Roman (Baker). .
Gladiators battles had such an influence on Roman society that the men (editors) who put on the shows continually devised new ways to enhance the battles in order to please its viewers.