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The Structure and life-cycle of foot-and-mouth disease


             Foot and Mouth Disease is a major problem affecting many animals of agricultural importance. It is caused by several strains of virus that belong to the genus Aphthovirus. Along with other viruses, like Polio and Rhinovirus, Aphthoviruses belong to the family Picornaviridae. Picornaviruses are tiny viruses (27-30 nm across) (2). They are non-enveloped with an icosahedral capsid and contain a single strand of positive sense RNA.
             The outer protein coat of FMD virus is made up of 60 copies each of the four proteins 1A (VP4), 1B (VP2), 1C (VP3) and 1D (VP1). These four proteins assemble to form a protein sub-unit or protomer. Five protomers join to form a pentamer. Twelve pentamers join up to enclose a strand of RNA and so create a virus particle. The structure thus created has 5, 3 and 2 fold axes of symmetry.
             The virus replicates in the cytoplasm of a cell and new virus particles collect in large numbers. Eventually, the cell is destroyed and the new virus particles are released to infect other cells (1).
             The incoming virus particles dock with the cell membrane using receptor molecules. The genetic material (yellow viral RNA) of the virus is then introduced into the cell. The viral RNA associates with ribosomes to produce viral proteins. Some of these viral proteins act as enzymes, while others are used to make new viral capsids (the outer protein coats of the virus) (2). Viral RNA also travels to the smooth endoplasmic reticulum where it forms replication complexes. Such replication complexes are associated with new vesicles that form from the smooth endoplasmic reticulum. Here, new viral RNA is produced. Some will associate with ribosomes (to make more viral protein) and some will form the genomes of new virus particles (capsid assembly). The new virus particles collect together in large arrays (2) (aggregation of new virus). Eventually, the cell is destroyed (cell lysis) causing a release of new virus particles.


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