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Reasoning and Logical Fallacies

In the "Protecting Our Reproduction Rights" article, it states that women have the legal and moral right to have an abortion as well as protecting their reproductive rights and a responsibility to their choices regarding abortion. The reason this is begging the question is because regarding abortion as responsible also begs the question. All too commonly it is assumed - but not necessarily demonstrated - that a woman has a moral right to an abortion and that when she exercises this right and that she behaves responsibly. To sum it up, by committing this fallacy, one avoids the discussion of whether, indeed, abortion is a moral right and an instance of responsible behavior, while simply assuming that it is. .
             By the same token, appealing to authority or overreliance on authority is the attempt to justify an argument by citing a highly admired or well-known (but not necessarily qualified) figure who supports the conclusion being offered. The appeal to authority fallacy is often found in the advertising industry as an effective technique to get people to buy certain products and goods. Celebrity endorsements are often used in advertisements on billboards and in magazines and are found in commercials to persuade people to buy a certain product because the celebrities are "authorities" here. In the Covergirl ad, Janelle Monae is endorsing the new Covergirl 'out-blast' color lipsticks that are in, "41 colorful shades" (34). The advertisement claims that with this new product it is like having your own makeup artist right at home. As a audience, we are supposed to think that Janelle Monae did her own makeup and if she can do it, we can do it just as easily. The fact that Janelle Monae is not a makeup artist or an expert on makeup makes this a prime example of the appeal on authority. She could very well not even use Covergirl in her normal makeup routine and people will still by the product because she just happens to be endorsing it.


Essays Related to Reasoning and Logical Fallacies

1. Logical Fallacies in Othello

According to Vincent Ruggiero's Beyond Feelings: A Guide to Critical Thinking, the term logical fallacies refer to the concept of, "making errors that impairs reasoning and thinking," (87). ... Firstly, one of the logical fallacies that led to Othello's downfall is the error of unwarranted assumptions. ... Unwarranted assumptions are only one of the logical fallacies that lead to Othello's downfall. ... Lastly, a third logical fallacy that leads to the downfall of Othello is the error of making hasty conclusions. ... The act of committing logical fallacies poses a gre...

  • Word Count: 1372
  • Approx Pages: 5
  • Has Bibliography

2. Animal Farm Fallacies

Throughout the novel, Orwell effectively displays rhetorical fallacies by appealing to the animals' emotional, ethical, and logical reasoning. ... Emotional fallacies are meant to persuade an audience by appealing to their emotions. ... Orwell chose the overly sentimental appeal because the fallacy helps introduce the idea of a rebellion on Manor Farm. ... Although he is giving the animals what he thinks to be logical reasoning, Squealer ends every argument with the fear of Mr. ... With this distraction, the animals tend to all come together with the same illogical reasoning. ...

  • Word Count: 1129
  • Approx Pages: 5
  • Has Bibliography

3. Arguments of persuasion

Who am I reasoning with? ... It seems logical it is hard to argue with the facts. ... This fallacy didn't work because of its absurdity. ... Seems like a "logical" place to start. ... The creator of this fallacy found my weakness. ...

  • Word Count: 675
  • Approx Pages: 3
  • Grade Level: High School

4. M.butterfly

Relevance Fallacies: Testimonial, Transfer, Ad Hominem, Bandwagon, Straw Person, Misleading Analogy or Faulty comparison, Red Herring. ... Believability Fallacies: Incomplete Facts or Card Stacking, Misinterpreted Statistics, Overgeneralization or Hasty Generalization, Questionable Authority, Hypostatization. ... Consistency Fallacies: Appeal to Pity, Appeal to Emotion, Oversimplification or Either/Or argument, Begging the Question or Circular Reasoning, Slippery Slope, Non Sequitur, Post Hoc Ergo propter Hoc. 4. ... Vertical thinking is a straightforward and logical way of thinking about s...

  • Word Count: 388
  • Approx Pages: 2

5. Inductive Reasoning

Inductive Reasoning Inductive thinking also known as the "bottom up" approach, moves from particular observations to a more generalized theory or conclusion, it detects patterns and regularities; as well as, it helps to formulate tenetative hypothesis, from which we derive our generalized theory or conclusion. ... This intern becomes an error in reasoning also known as a fallacy. ... Deductive Reasoning Deductive thinking begins with two or more premises and derives a conclusion that must follow from those premises; the basic form of deductive thinking is a syllogism. A syllogism i...

  • Word Count: 910
  • Approx Pages: 4
  • Grade Level: High School

6. Malcom X Vs. Martin Luther King

Malcolm X uses repetition, logical fallacies, and appeals to emotion to get his point across that violence the path for freedom. ... In Malcolm X's also uses logical fallacies as his evidence and his reasoning. One of the fallacies in his speech is a hasty generalization. ... His redefinition of the term "minority" is the fallacy. ... This is a false cause fallacy. ...

  • Word Count: 1892
  • Approx Pages: 8
  • Has Bibliography
  • Grade Level: High School

7. Solid Foundations of Philosophy

Some critics deny this and argue that reasoning is used to mislead others' knowledge. ... The method "follows a logical path that provides premises that can't be left with any skepticism or doubt, therefore when a premise has been proved as truth, or is believed as truth, the conclusion cannot be denied" (Irwin, 1990). ... Secondly, reasoning assists in producing and evaluating arguments. ... To have a valid argument it is important to provide premises that are free of fallacy, a deceptive, misleading, or false notion. ... A counter argument to this is that reasoning can be used to m...

  • Word Count: 839
  • Approx Pages: 3
  • Grade Level: Undergraduate

8. Rhetorical Essay: Flailing After Muslims

Herbert achieved this effective argument and convinced his audience with rhetorical devices such as emotional, logical, ethical appeals, even though he had one fallacy. ... With this being said, Herbert's plea with ethical reasoning becomes dependable for his audience. ... Herbert tried to prove King wrong, however, King backed up his argument with his legitimate reasoning. ... Herbert has committed a fallacy. ... By having credible sources (ethos), logical facts (logos), and emotional appeals (pathos), the argument being made was at its full potential. ...

  • Word Count: 907
  • Approx Pages: 4
  • Has Bibliography

9. Why Induction Is Invalid

His reasoning behind this is due to the fact that the conclusion of an inductive argument is never certain. ... The heart of Carnap's argument lies in logical/inductive probability. ... By using induction to justify induction, one is committing one of the basic fallacies of logic. Therefore, the use of the circularity fallacy in and of itself makes Carnap's argument invalid. ... Because of this, I believe that using induction for the purposes of scientific reasoning is not only invalid, but also damaging to the field of science....

  • Word Count: 1180
  • Approx Pages: 5

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