Sexual violence can be considered as domestic violence. Sexual violence examples are rape, forced prostitution and pornography, cutting or disfiguring of genitalia, refusal to practice safe sex, and lastly refusal to adhere to religious prohibitions. .
It is estimated that 19 percent of women and 2 percent of men have experienced some form of sexual assault including attempts since the age of 16, with around 10-14 percent of married women experiencing forced sex by an intimate partner. In 2012 the Forced Marriage Unit received reports of more than 1,400 cases of possible forced marriage (Trevillion 35). .
Emotional and psychological violence includes controlling or dominant behaviors, and humiliation or degradation of the victim. Individuals tend to experience both poor physical and mental health. Abuse can take form of verbal and non-verbal behaviors such as: unremitting criticism, emotional blackmail, enforcement of petty rules, and neglectful behavior such as ignoring signs of distress and pleas for comfort, or prolonged refusal to communicate. Evidence suggest that psychological abuse can result in greater psychological trauma than that caused by physical violence. Coercive control is characterized by a range of behavior to exert and maintain control, such as: isolation from friends, family and other support networks, surveillance of everyday tasks such as grocery shopping, intercepting mail, phone calls and text messages, threats to harm, and stalking behaviors. .
Domestic violence may be associated with a range of physical injuries, including fractures, contusions, lacerations, facial, and ocular injuries. Injury following choking and strangulation is also commonly reported, along with internal injuries. Research suggest that physical abuse is a major cause 19 percent and 55 percent reporting some form of violent injury in their lifetime (Trevillion 36). Gynecological problems are the longest lasting and largest physical health difference between women who are physically abused and those who are not.
