At the end of the 19th century, the social, political, and economic structure of Europe presented several problems within the countries across the continent. Karl Marx's revolutionary Communist Manifesto, published in 1848, highlighted several of the problems revolving around class struggle in a fairly effective manner; taking into consideration the time period and composition of European society. The philosophy of Communism was new in the 19th century, however it wasn't long until the controversial ideas spread rapidly across the nation. .
After the main powers of Europe entered into the Holy Alliance (Pope, Tsar, Metternich, Guizot, French Radicals, and German Police Spies), there was an opportunity for change within the government. Marx suggests two consequences from the specter: "Communism is already acknowledged by all European powers to be itself a power," and also that citizens need to "publish their views, their aims, their tendencies" in order to meet the qualifications that come with communist ideals. Marx then identifies the class structure between the bourgeois and the proletariat. The bourgeois consists of the middle class capitalists, the revolutionary class whom established free trade, who took basic jobs such as physicians, lawyers, priests, poets, and scientists and turned them into "paid wage laborers." Above all else however, the bourgeoisie "has been the first to show what man's activity can bring about." Marx's argument regarding the power of the revolutionary minds is very valid, especially in a time where government power could very easily be persuaded and reformed. They have accomplished much and are very persuasive, however that power of persuasion could become a problem. Marx advocated for one government with "one code of laws, one national class-interest, one frontier, and one customs-tariff," in order to control the bourgeois and make them comply to the government's desires.