These factors are income effects and time availability (p.463-484). First, criminals may be motivated to engage in such bad behavior due to their worse economic situations. Criminals usually do not have a chance to continue in their schools due to their families' economic situations. Therefore, the crimes are grown in the communities that have insufficient education and deteriorating economic conditions. FBI Uniform Crime Report (2005) proves that states like Tennessee, Arkansas, New Mexico, California, Louisiana, and Texas are considered the highest dangerous states. These states are unsafe may be because the percentage of residents who have high school or above degree are low, where the majority of these states population is immigrants and African American. They are working in very low paid jobs or usually without jobs because they do not have academic degrees that qualify them to be an effective member in society. Second, schools restrict young students' times, therefore schools curb them from engaging in criminal groups. Schools always starts from 8:00 a.m to 3:00 or 4:00 p.m during that time students just get knowledge, and then after they finish their schools they spend much time to complete their assignments. In "Criminal justice involvement and high school completion," Hjalmarsson (2008), a professor at Maryland University, examines the effect of school on adult behaviors. She says the likelihood of the person's failure in high school is highly increased as they spend further times in jail or commits criminal activities more times (p. 613-630). In other words, Lack of education or dropping out of school leads to thousands of people who do not have jobs and future expectations. In most cases to get money, they commit criminal activities. On the other hand, educated people have very limited spare time compared to illiterate ones. When they in school, they just focus on how to pass their classes successfully, and after graduation, they get jobs and start families.
