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Land Reforms in India

The king was not expected to evict them.
             During the Mughal administration, land revenue was collected in the form of crop sharing. Though the king was the lone claimant of the revenue but the collection of tax and revenue was mostly done by the small ruling class under the king. These small ruling classes comprised of Jagirdars and Zamindars. The Jagirdars were the officials of the state and enjoyed the ranks granted by the king. Each jagirdar was assigned a jagir (area) and the pay associated with the rank was equivalent to the amount of land revenue. The Jagirdars had no permanent rights over the area assigned to them and later in the Mughal period, many Jagirdars resorted to the exploitation of the peasants as they were unsure of the holdings rights given to them and had no regard for the long term prospects of revenue collection.
             In Zamindari system, the basic right of the zamindar was to impose levies on peasants over and above the land revenue. Mostly the zamindars had to collect the tax from the primary cultivators in return for an allowance of one-tenth of the collections given in the form of cash or allotment of revenue free land.
             Thus Jagirdars and Zamindars were the two groups of revenue collectors during the Mughal period but with the declining days of the Mughal Empire, this system became oppressive. Land Revenue and land tax continued to be the major source of income even during the British rule. The revenue collected from land constituted around 60 percent of the total revenue. The British introduced a new system which was an extension of the existing system in conformity with the British rule and laws relating land. Broadly three types of land revenue system were adopted by the British rule and each of them was an attempt to incorporate the elements of preceding agrarian structure: Landlord based system ( Zamindari), Individual cultivator based system (Raiyatwari) and village based systems (Mahalwari).


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