136). Instead to reacting avoidable disease, health care providers should help patients engage in health promoting behaviors in hopes of alleviating illness altogether. There are many factors that have the potential to influence behaviors of a patient. Pender identifies three main categories that affect behavior change: Individual Characteristics and Experiences, Behavior-Specific Cognitions and Affect; Behavioral Outcome. These main categories are divided up and will be further discussed. Nurses can positively influence Behavior-Specific Cognitions and Affect and Behavioral Outcome through effective assessment, support and education (Sitzman & Eichelberger, 2011, p. 135). Individual Characteristics and Experiences, however are not something that can be modified through intervention. .
Individual Characteristics and Experiences examine the personality traits and experiences that make the individual unique. Prior related behavior is also assessed to determine the frequency of similar health behaviors in the past. Pender states that the best way to predict future behavior is to examine past behavior (Sitzman & Eichelberger, 2011, p. 136). The more an individual has engaged in an unhealthy behavior in the past, the more likely it will occur again in the future. .
Personal factors are another key concept of Individual Characteristics and Experiences. Personal factors include biological, psychological, and sociocultural factors that indirectly or directly influence health behaviors (Sitzman & Eichelberger, 2011, p. 136). Biological factors include age, gender, BMI, physical endurance, strength, and agility. Psychological factors are things like perceived health status, self-esteem, self-motivation and how that individual defines health. Sociocultural factors include race, ethnicity, education, and socioeconomic status. .
The next category is Behavior-Specific Cognitions and Affect; it is broken down into six sub-categories.