The vast majority of biological processes rely on proteins and they are often referred to as the building block of life. Proteins are macromolecules, formed from the 20 amino amino acids used for life. In this essay I will be explaining the forces involved in maintaining protein structure, by explaining them at each level. .
Primary Structure and Peptide Bonding.
Protein structure is divided into four main levels; primary, secondary, tertiary and quaternary, according to the increasing complexity of the proteins conformation. Primary structure is at the most basic level, with amino acids linked in a linear polypeptide chain, by peptide bonding, which is a type of covalent bond. Covalent bonds are formed by atoms with similar electronegativity, which each donate a valence electron to form a shared electron-pair bond. A polypeptide chain is composed of adjacent amino acids, where the α-carboxyl group of an amino acid is linked to the α-amino group of the adjacent amino acid. This chain acts as a rigid backbone, as the peptide bonds are planar, although side-chains can move more freely. As a peptide bond forms, water is released, making it a condensation reaction. The bond formed has double-bond character due to a resonance structure formed by the nitrogen atoms long pair of electrons. This is what makes peptide bonds planar, as atoms cannot rotate around this rigid bond. Although the peptide bond is planar, rotation can still occur at the alpha carbon, so that polypeptide chains are flexible.
Secondary Structure and Hydrogen Bonding.
Secondary structure is where we find the first inner structures of the protein forming. The structures formed are dependent on the amino acid sequence present in the primary structure. The two most common secondary structures are the α-helix and β-pleated sheet. The key intramolecular force of proteins is hydrogen bonding as it is responsible for the formation of the inner structures.
Peristalsis, a wavelike muscular movement of the oesophagus walls, forces food down the tube to stomach. ... One of these enzymes is trypsin, which helps digest protein foods. ... Enzymes are proteins and thus have a specific shape. ... A major function of globular proteins is that they form enzymes. ... The structure of the protein from which they are made is vital to the function of enzymes. ...
In addition to providing structure, leverage, protection, and support for the organs of the body, bones also house marrow, which produces blood cells. ... The bones of the skeleton function as levers that direct and modify the forces generated by skeletal muscles. ... Cortical bone provides the strength to resist weight-bearing forces in the long bone. ... Contact is maintained following mineralization. ... They maintain bone and comprise 90% of all cells in the mature skeleton. ...
Important Facts the smallest unit of life is the cell instructions for development are contained in DNA collectively, all of the chemical processes in a cell are called metabolism producers often obtain energy from the sun homeostasis refers to the ability to maintain a constant internal environment cells in domains archaea and eubacteria lack nucleii plants are multicellular producers an educated guess might be called a hypothesis science is based on evidence philosophy is not a step in the scientific method an atom is the smallest unit of substance that retains the properties of the subst...
Nearly all molecules have London dispersion forces, Hydrogen Bonds Fig. 1 form between molecules consisting of dispersion forces and Dipole-dipole bond. Hydrogen bond is the forces of attraction between a Nitrogen, Oxygen or Fluorine atom of another molecule and the hydrogen atom attached in the molecule. ... This is very useful when actively the body is maintaining its temperature at 37C. ... The tertiary structure involves many bonds one of them being hydrogen bonding that can then be utilized as a specific enzyme within organisms to carry out specific metabolic reactions. ... Folded protein...
Synovial joints allow the bones to move in directions dictated by the structure of the joint. ... Muscle fibers, which are cells specialized for rapid contractions and the generation of large forces, are in each skeletal muscle. Each muscle fiber encloses a bundle of 4-20 elongated structures called myofibrils. ... Each thin filament is made up of mainly globular actin proteins twisted into a double helix. ... If the tension in the muscle is sufficient enough to overcome opposing forces (like gravity), the muscle will shorten and move the bones to which it is attached. ...
The physiological function of the body is to maintain the systems in a state called homeostasis and avoid extreme fluctuations, which means the brain and body develop a tolerance to the effects of mind- and mood-altering substances (McGonigal). ... Refined sugar and high-fructose corn syrup (HFCS) have no protein, vitamins, minerals, antioxidants or fiber so displace other nutritious parts of our diet or are overeaten beyond what is necessary to sustain weight, which leads to weight gain (Taubs 2). ... William Coda Martin categorized "refined sugar as a poison because it is stripped of...
Image-forming eyes have evolved independently at least forty times among vertebrates, and nine distinct eye structures can be identified, including pinhole, lens, curved reflector, and compound eyes. ... In a universe of blind physical forces and genetic replication, some people are going to get hurt, and other people are going to get lucky, and you won't find any rhyme or reason in it, nor any justice. ... In other passages design space seems to be the abstract set of all genetic possibilities, with little inherent structure. ... An effective eye, for example, requires not only the coord...
Unlike wives in many other African groups who live in their own huts, Ijaw wives have apartments within one large structure and our brought into much more frequent contact with their co-wives (Rosaldo 1974). ... Whiting discovered that societies dependent on root and tree crops (presumably low protein societies) are more likely to have a long postpartum sex taboo, and there did seem to be a statistical association between the presence of this taboo and a preference for polygyny. ... The degree of autonomy of each co-wife is influenced by the availability of opportunities outside of the home, t...
These forces that move the wonderful water affect the water potential..Water potential is the potential energy of water in a particular system compared to the potential energy of pure water at the same atmosphere pressure and temperature. ... Flowers are also the reproductive structure of flowering plant aka an angiosperm. ... The female gametophytes are egg-containing structures called embryo sacs. ... Membranes then partition this mass into a multicellular structure called the embryo sac, which is the female gametophyte. ... The female external reproductive structures are the clitoris and tw...
