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Economics - Capital


            As mentioned, recent authors have added to the classical list. Clark saw the coordinating function in production and distribution as being served by entrepreneurs; Frank Knight introduced managers who coordinate using their own money (financial capital) and the financial capital of others. In contrast, many economists today consider "human capital" (skills and education) as the fourth factor of production, with entrepreneurship as a form of human capital. Yet others refer to intellectual capital. More recently, many have begun to see "social capital" as a factor, as contributing to production of goods and services.
             Entrepreneurship.
             Consider entrepreneurship is a factor of production, leaving debate aside. In markets, entrepreneurs combine the other factors of production, land, labor, and capital, in order to make a profit. Often these entrepreneurs are seen as innovators, developing new ways to produce and new products. In a planned economy, central planners decide how land, labor, and capital should be used to provide for maximum benefit for all citizens. Of course, just as with market entrepreneurs, the benefits may mostly accrue to the entrepreneurs themselves. The word has been blown apart by the government. The sociologist C. Wright Mills refers to "new entrepreneurs" who work within and between corporate and government bureaucracies in new and different ways.[9] Others (such as those practicing public choice theory) refer to "political entrepreneurs," i.e., politicians and other actors.
             Much controversy rages about the benefits produced by entrepreneurship. But the real issue is about how well institutions they operate in (markets, planning, bureaucracies, government) serve the public. This concerns such issues as the relative importance of market failure and government failure. In the book Accounting of ideas, "intequity", a neologism, is abstracted from equity in order to add a newly researched production factor of the capitalist system.


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