(Taylor, 1967).
Time Studies.
In order to scientifically find the optimal method to perform a job and to reach high productivity, Taylor performed a series of famous experiments, named Time Studies. (Taylor, 1967) Time Studies are performed by using a stopwatch to time the employees set of motions, with the aim of determining the one best way of reaching the highest productivity to perform a job and minimize the time consumption. (Taylor, 1967)Within the Time Studies, the most important three studies are Pig Iron Study, The Science of Shoveling Study, and Bricklaying Study. (Taylor, 1967).
Taylor's Four Principles of Scientific Management.
After having done the studies, Taylor introduces four principles of Scientific Management that determines optimal working methods. Firstly, replace rule-of-thumb working methods with scientific methods. Secondly, scientifically train the employees rather than let them train themselves. Thirdly, communicate with employees to make sure that the scientific methods are well followed. Finally, divide the work equally between managers and employees.
Empirical Applications of Scientific Management Principles.
The scientific method had been widely used in many factories. These four principles in application often result in increasing of the productivity. For example, Henry Ford, the founder of the Ford Motor Company, applied Taylor's scientific method principles in his automobile factories. Lots of families also start to use scientific method on their household tasks and it worked well at the time. (NetMBA, 2002).
Fayol and Administrative Management Theory.
Fayol is another famous theorist that largely contributed to classical management theory. One of Fayol's widely spread achievement theories is the Administrative Management Theory. He establishes five distinct functions of the theory. They are: Planning, Organizing, Commanding, Coordinating, Controlling. (Fayol, 1917) .
