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However, despite official visits and diplomatic excursions, Turkey and Armenia were not able to establish concrete relations (Iskandaryan 39). Diplomatic relations between both countries faced problems which ultimately led to a deadlock in negotiations. An example of this was how Turkey argued that Armenia did not officially recognize the existing border between the two countries as established by the 1921 treaties of Kars and Gumru (Iskandaryan 39). Since the closure of the border in 1993, actions out of governmental diplomatic relations were enacted to build the relation of the two nations. There were significant efforts to establish both academic and exchange programs to develop a joint perception between both countries with no result (Gorgulu 24). Ultimately, both direct governmental diplomatic policies and indirect programs had no effect in the normalization of relations between both states.
Since the closure of the border in 1993 and the non-interaction of diplomats of both nations, non-governmental actions have tried and failed to bridge the gap between the two sides. The efforts of civilian organizations and business ventures have failed due to the closure of the border. Additionally, the establishment of academic and cultural exchange programs in both nations have continued over time, but not much has been achieved (Gorgulu 24). During the 1990s, Turkey tried to break in and condemn Armenia for the closed border as they were losing in socially as well as economically in a trade partners. With this effort, not only did not work, it made the relation even worse due to their long history of tradgedies. This isolation from Turkey by Armenia allowed for Armenian diaspora campaigns focused on recognizing the Armenian genocide of 1915. The little success the Armeinan diaspora had led to further tensions by Turkey and increased the deadlock between both states, especially in public sentiment.
