(855) 4-ESSAYS

Type a new keyword(s) and press Enter to search

MDMA - Neurotoxic and Empathogenic Drug

MDMA is also capable of blocking the reuptake of 5-HT and eventually causing 5-HT depletion in the brain through interactions with serotonin uptake transporter (SERT) and 5-HT2 receptors. The low levels of serotonin following its excess release is attributed to feelings of depression and suicidal thoughts in users, and repeated use of MDMA will result in chronic reduction in 5-HT. In 1999, Ricaurte studied the brains of monkeys after repeated MDMA administration where damage to 5-HT nerve cells were evident after just two weeks. The damages were still present seven years later in these monkeys, but with decreased severity. Prolonged modifications of physiological processes within the serotonergic system has been suggested to produce lasting homeostatic changes in those neurons, leading to degeneration and serotonin neurotoxicity.
             Users of MDMA almost always administer the drug orally. A typical single-dose recreational tablet ranges from 50 mg to 150 mg, but the active drug per tablet may vary from zero to over 100 mg. MDMA is rapidly absorbed into the blood from the intestinal tract; its onset of action is merely 20 minutes after administration. Plasma concentrations of MDMA peak at roughly 2 hours after oral dosing. Metabolism of MDMA into its 3 main metabolites (MDA, HMMA, HMA) primarily occurs in the liver with the actions of CYP450 enzymes. Evidence have pointed to stereoselective deposition of MDMA in humans with (R)-MDMA enantiomers having a significantly longer half-life versus its S-enantiomer counterpart. The (R)-MDMA was also recovered as majority in the urine excreted 24 hours after dosing, indicating the S-enantiomer as more pharmacologically active, with increased clearance. .
             The overall half-life of MDMA is approximately 8 hours. However, MDMA plasma concentrations do not increase in proportion to increasing dose. This nonlinearity is the result of MDMA metabolites' interactions within their metabolic pathways (e.


Essays Related to MDMA - Neurotoxic and Empathogenic Drug

1. Ecstacy

Although MDMA is today's most used drug it was invented for a totally different purpose. ... In 1953 the U.S Army started conducting tests on animals with MDMA and other structurally related drugs. ... They are planning to gain full FDA approval of MDMA as a prescription drug. Today MDMA is one of the most abused drugs in the entire world. ... Because of these qualities, MDMA is presently a popular drug, despite its criminal status. ...

  • Word Count: 2443
  • Approx Pages: 10
  • Grade Level: High School

2. Ecsatsy

Also known as Adam, XTC, E, hug and the love drug. ... MDMA is a synthetic, psychoactive drug with both stimulant and hallucinogenic properties. ... MDMA is not addictive per say. ... This is the process of the amphetamine stimulant enhancing the empathogenic and entactogenic qualities. The empathogenic quality is basically the ability to communicate things to others, and the ability to feel empathy towards others. ...

  • Word Count: 1235
  • Approx Pages: 5
  • Grade Level: High School

3. MDMA

Or what about, MDMA? ... MDMA has been around for a long time, 1914 it was first synthesized by a German company. ... MDMA comes in a pill form, many users feel it is safe, simply because it is not snorted, injected, or smoked. ... Users may think that they are getting a full dose of MDMA, when in reality their not. In an article put out by the Partnership for a Drug Free America, stated that out of 107 pill that were seized, only half contained SOME amounts of MDMA!!!!! ...

  • Word Count: 491
  • Approx Pages: 2
  • Grade Level: High School

4. MDMA -The Party Drug

Today's research shows that much of the Molly made today contains other drugs in addition to the MDMA. ... The effects of MDMA lead the drug to the forefront of PLUR rave culture, but the drug is not the only way that ravers bond with each other. ... For those who just want a some quick facts about MDMA, here are a few summarizations about the drug. ... Historical Background of the Drug A patent for MDMA was first filed in 1912 by the German pharmaceutical company, Merck. ... Since MDMA had already been patented in 1913, it held no potential for profit for a drug company, since a drug c...

  • Word Count: 4409
  • Approx Pages: 18
  • Has Bibliography

5. Ecstasy Abuse

Many people see it as a harmless party drug. ... Unfortunately Ecstasy use is usually left out of the parental lectures, anti-drug commercials, and school lessons on drugs. ... One of these horrible side effects is called MDMA neurotoxicity. ... Also MDMA, or ecstasy can lead to "Increases in the heart rate, blood pressure, and body temperature" (Special). ... This is caused by MDMA's action on certain brain chemicals"(Dance). ...

  • Word Count: 1162
  • Approx Pages: 5
  • Has Bibliography
  • Grade Level: High School

6. Methylone and Other Party Drugs

Substances like 3,4-methylenedioxy-N-methylamphetamine (MDMA, better known as ecstasy), cocaine, methamphetamine, and d-lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD/acid) have been identified as party drugs because of their link to club and partying culture among young adults and teenagers. ... Despite all the effort to control these psychoactive drugs, one of them managed to fly under the radar for over forty years without being outlawed until recently, 3,4-methylenedioxy-methylcathinone, bk-MDMA(Methylone, also known as M1). ... In contrast to MDMA, the effect of Methylone is weaker, meaning the eup...

  • Word Count: 1697
  • Approx Pages: 7
  • Has Bibliography

7. Ecstasy

Ecstasy is MDMA, or 3,4-Methylenedioxymethamphetamine. ... Other drugs in this category include MDA, MDE and MBDB. In the 1970's MDMA was used as a treatment in mental wards. ... How it affects the human body Ecstasy drugs MDMA affects the central nervous system. ... The effect of the drug will vary based upon the mixture of the drug and amount of chemicals in each pill. ...

  • Word Count: 1880
  • Approx Pages: 8

Got a writing question? Ask our professional writer!
Submit My Question