Sarcasm is an element of tragedy that is often overlooked. Irony, a vital component of classical tragedy, is often conveyed through the use of sarcasm. Sarcasm is defined as the use of remarks that clearly mean the opposite of what is said. Sarcasm often amuses an audience, but can also be quite insulting. Sarcastic language can be comedic, flirtatious, and even cynical at times. A good example of the different effects and purposes of sarcasm can be seen in a comparison of Hedda Gabler and Antigone. In Hedda Gabler, Ibsen's use of sarcasm is comedic and is used in many scenes where Hedda is flirting with different male characters. In Antigone, Anouilh's use of sarcasm is less obvious, and conveys a bitter and cynical effect.
Throughout Hedda Gabler, sarcasm is used in scenes that are flirtatious and sexual in nature. The main character involved with the flirting is Hedda herself. In the very first scene that Hedda appears in she makes a sarcastic remark. Hedda embarrasses Miss Tesman when she says," Good morning, my dear Miss Tesman! Calling so early! This is kind of you." From the following lines it can be inferred that Hedda did not desire not be woken up yet, and that she is slightly upset over the matter. This sarcastic remark is not flirtatious or sexual, but the fact that the first line Hedda speaks in the play is sarcastic is important to emphasize her sarcastic nature.
In Act II, Hedda has a conversation with Judge Brack that turns into a back and forth game of flirtatious sarcasm and wit. The fact that Tesman is a "specialist" comes up and is used as a sarcastic element when Tesman enters into the room. Hedda replies to a comment made by Tesman with, "Your special field?" Judge Brack then comments to Hedda, "Of course. Books in his special field, Miss Tesman." After these comments are made Judge Brack and Hedda exchange a knowing smile. This is a perfect example of the majority of sarcastic remarks made in the play.
