The body art he chose reflected his world view, sense of aesthetics, interest in ritual and an identification with tribal cultures." Wojcik sees a big distinction between punk rock style and the neo-tribalists movement. "Modern primitives or neo-tribalists tend to emphasize the personal, erotic, or spiritual benefits of body alteration; the original punks used body art to express their sense of alienation, despair or anger. The punks I knew tended to revel in the shocking or self-destructive aspects of body alterations; neo-tribalist body art often stresses transformation - gaining control over one's body, undergoing a rite of passage, or the desire to carve an individual identity in a conformist culture." Whatever the intent, Wojcik regards all body art as a form of self-expression - "Body adornment can be a way for people to empower themselves through style, it's a way to shock, to express estrangement from mainstream society, to symbolically challenge the status quo. It distinguishes someone from the mainstream, it serves as a badge of identity and it can be a way for people to create an identity and a sense of community." Wojcik, however, does not foresee a day when tattooing and piercing will become fully mainstream - because they are so expressive and personal. "Even though body art has become somewhat more acceptable in society, I doubt it will ever be completely accepted, even if it is aesthetically pleasing and meaningful for people. . . It still takes a certain courage to get tattooed, pierced, or have your body permanently modified in some other way." .
Daniel Wojcik is an Assistant Professor at the University of Oregon where he teaches folklore in the English Department. The book, Punk and Neo-Tribal Body Art, is available through University Press of Mississippi. He is currently working on a new book on apocalyptic world views and doomsday notions.
Eyebrow hoops. Sparkling earrings line earlobes.