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Cloning


            
             Cloning is when something is replicated or duplicated exactly resulting in to identical things. Cloning has always been a moral problem and a lot of people think it is very wrong to clone anything especially animals or humans. This is because eventually when animals are getting cloned, people are going to want to clone humans and select and enhance human genes. We actually have been cloning vegetables and plants for a long time such as all the mixes of them. An example of this is broccoflower, a combination of broccoli and cauliflower. There have been two experiments conducted to clone livestock.
             The experiments were made by Roslin Institute. The people involved were Ian Wilmut, Angelica Schnieke, Alexander Kind, William Bitchie, Karen Mycock, Angela Scott, Marjorie Ritchie, Alan Colman, and Keith Campbell.
             In the first experiment to clone the lamb known as Dolly, they removed the nucleus from an unfertilized egg and replaced it with a nucleus of an udder cell from a six-year-old ewe. That egg was then placed into the uterus of a surrogate mother that eventually gave birth to the cloned animal leaving identical sheep. .
             In the second experiment six trans-genic lambs were born. Unlike Dolly, these new lambs were made from sheep fetal cells. Before attempting to clone the cells, they inserted two new genes. One was a human gene for a blood-clotting agent called factor IX, linked to a sheep gene that increases milk production. The second was a genetic marker that confers resistance to an antibiotic, which gave the scientists a way to quickly sort the cells that take up a new gene from those that do not. To determine which cell had successfully incorporated the new genes, the altered cells were grown in culture dishes and periodically dosed with antibiotics so that only the cells that had the protection of the new genes could survive. The cells were then isolated and used as donor cells in a cloning process that yielded sixty-two genetically engineered embryos, which were implanted in surrogate mother sheep.


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