Locomotion is the way that animals explore their environment in an active method. All animals use the contraction of muscles in order to move. Animals use the chemical energy of ATP to supply force in order to oppose the force of gravity. When an ATP molecule is split into ADP and inorganic phosphate (Pi), 7.3 kcal of energy per mole of ATP is made available to do the work of movement. Although some protests use ATP to wave cilia and sweep themselves from place to place, animals use ATP to shorten the muscle cells. When many muscle cells shorten at the same time, they can exert a great deal of force. Locomotion is the result when this force is used to move bones at the animals' joints. .
The bones are a structural material of the vertebrate skeleton. The bone is a special form of connective tissue in which an organic extracellular matrix containing collagen fibers is imbedded with small, needle-shaped crystals of hydroxyapatite (which is formed from calcium phosphate and calcium hydroxide). The collagen fibers run in various directions, but the hydoxyapatite crystals are aligned parallel to the long axes and the curved ends of bones. Hydroxyapatite is brittle but rigid, thus giving bones a lot of strength; the composite of bones is both flexible and strong. If a hydroxyapatite crystal breaks since of stress and a crack starts to form in a bone, the crack runs into the collagen before it reaches another crystal. Distorting and dissipating the stress, the collagen and then adjacent crystals are not exposed to the same high stress. The collagen acts to spread the stress over many crystals, making bones more resistant to fracture than hydroxypatite is by itself. .
Bones are dynamic, living tissue that is constantly reconstructed throughout life of an organism. New bone is formed by osteoblasts, cells that secrete the collagen fibers on which calcium phosphate is later deposited.
Utopia is completely attainable. Utopia, derived from the Greek words meaning no place, was always thought to be a model to strive for. Unfortunately human pessimism has never allowed Utopia to become a tangible place. Strangely enough it is this human aspect that is the barrier to a perfect existe...
Both lack an external tail and both are capable of reaching an upright posture as well as bipedal locomotion, walking on two legs. Humans and apes both have an appendix, which is an appendage that it believed to be used for the digestion of rocks, sticks, and tree bark. ...
Class Metamonada consists of unicellular organisms in which the nuclei are attached to the undulipodia (a cilium or flagellum whose purpose is locomotion or feeding) by rhizoplasts (also known as nuclear connectors. ... They digest cellulose from the wood that these insects eat, and at some stages of digestion, small particles of wood are visible in their cytoplasm. ... Members of this phylum lack flagella and instead used pseudopods for locomotion; they extend their protoplasm and re-form their bodies in the direction in which they wish to move (Anonymous 1998). ...
