They were found high dignitaries of church and state and for that reason, Iconoclasm was sympathetic to this rationalistic tendency. .
During this whole period the Bulgarians had given great trouble to the Byzantine Empire. Nicephorus I fell in battle against them, and his successors warded them off only with the greatest difficulty. Equally violent were the wars against the Saracens and the Slavs. There was no second investment of the capital by the Syrian Arabs. It soon remains to touch on the relations between the Byzantine Empire and the West. The Frankish nation had gradually taken the lead of all other Germanic peoples. The Byzantine rulers had always maintained their claim to sovereignty over the Germans. .
As far as Islamic learning goes, Muhammed created a Koran, which is collection of his revelation--the sacred writings of the Islamic religion. The book has been revealed partially within Judaism and Christianity as well. The Koran is supreme revelation from God, and is the final spiritual and legal authority for life. In accordance with this acceptance of revelation through the prophet Muhammed, people are taught to believe in the sacred writing, the Koran, confess the creed, pray every day, fast and give alms. These are necessary aspects of living in submission to Allah. A Muslim must live according to what is taught in the Koran in communion with other Muslims. .
The early expansion of Islam took place under the leadership of the four "rightly guided" caliphs (successors to Muhammed): Abu Bakr, Umar, Uthman, and Ali (Muhammed's son-in-law). The Ummayad Dynasty, under the leadership of members of Muhammed's tribe, ruled from 661 to 750. By 750 the Muslim empire extended from Morocco to the Indus River. The basic beliefs and practices of Islam are: There is no God but Allah. Belief in angels and jinn. Belief in 104 holy books, the Koran as the final revelation. Belief in the prophets, Muhammed as the "seal" of the prophets.
